The Tolerance Project Archive

Under ideal circumstances, a perfect absorber is a body that is a perfect radiator, and it is referred to as a blackbody. (As a perfect absorber, the body does not reflect or scatter any radiated energy it intercepts.)

describes the emission spectrum

in thermal equilibrium within a cavity,

energy spectrum of lattice vibrations

oscillation amplitude pattern
resulting in the thermal average number of photons in a mode when the photons are in thermal equilibrium with a reservoir at
the total energy

In a state of equilibrium, the
of the photons in the cavity per unit volume

Stephan Boltzmann law of radiation which states that the radiant energy density for a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature, where τ=kBT.

the energy flux density, or rate per unit surface area,

determined proportionality

the net power emitted as a function of the body’s surface area,

the opposite of directions

absorption and emission, the net power

the rate at which energy is supplied to a lamp

The rate at which energy is lost by the filament via radiation and convection at thermal equilibrium

Figure 1.

the current through to the lamp was also read and recorded

Considering the fact that the filament is a coiled cylinder

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

To determine whether the rate of energy emitted was proportional

to determine the Boltzmann constant, the temperature of the filament at each voltage step was determined.

an experimentally determined set of values

The following expression with associated error values was determined

The fundamental expression

Equation 6.

to determine an experimental value

To further assess the relationship between P and T

may not be considered conclusive or completely reliable. To eliminate any discrepancies

With that information, an experimental value could also be determined using the known value of X

(last line--but of that later)

Boltzmann’s Constant
(last line--but of that later)

If you’ve seen the sun or lava you’ve seen electromagnetic radiation
these bodies in heat transfer who when not at 0 Kelvin must emit
emit radiation in electromagnetic waves

for pratical purposes the duty to standard deviations of accepted value

I can’t reach you
And one wanting one who wants another

but let’s back up an take a historical approach

1879, Stephan Boltzmann discovers bodies who emit

that a body emits thermal radiation at a rate that is proportional to the temperature of the surface of the body raised to the fourth power, and he also discovered the proportionality constant for this relationship, σ = 5.670 x 10 -8 Wm-2K-4 (Boltzmann constant).

In this experiment

, a range of voltages applied across a filament

an attempt to verify this relationship for temperatures of the surface

. Furthermore,

the rate of energy exchange between the filament and the environment as a function of temperature will be determined.

object is equal to the energy absorbed by it in the form of radiation from surrounding objects.

describes the emission spectrum

in thermal equilibrium within a cavity,

energy spectrum of lattice vibrations

oscillation amplitude pattern
resulting in the thermal average number of photons in a mode when the photons are in thermal equilibrium with a reservoir at
the total energy

In a state of equilibrium, the
of the photons in the cavity per unit volume

Stephan Boltzmann law of radiation which states that the radiant energy density for a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature, where τ=kBT.

the energy flux density, or rate per unit surface area,

determined proportionality

the net power emitted as a function of the body’s surface area,

the opposite of directions

absorption and emission, the net power

the rate at which energy is supplied to a lamp

The rate at which energy is lost by the filament via radiation and convection at thermal equilibrium

Figure 1.

the current through to the lamp was also read and recorded

Considering the fact that the filament is a coiled cylinder

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

To determine whether the rate of energy emitted was proportional

to determine the Boltzmann constant, the temperature of the filament at each voltage step was determined.

an experimentally determined set of values

The following expression with associated error values was determined

The fundamental expression

Equation 6.

to determine an experimental value

To further assess the relationship between P and T

may not be considered conclusive or completely reliable. To eliminate any discrepancies

With that information, an experimental value could also be determined using the known value

Boltzmann’s Constant
(last line--but of that later)

If you’ve seen the sun or lava you’ve seen electromagnetic radiation
these bodies in heat transfer who when not at 0 Kelvin must emit
emit radiation in electromagnetic waves

for pratical purposes the duty to standard deviations of accepted value

I can’t reach you
And one wanting one who wants another

but let’s back up an take a historical approach

1879, Stephan Boltzmann discovers bodies who emit

In this experiment

, a range of voltages applied across a filament

an attempt to verify this relationship for temperatures of the surface

. Furthermore,

the rate of energy exchange between the filament and the environment as a function of temperature will be determined.

object is equal to the energy absorbed by it in the form of radiation from surrounding objects.

describes the emission spectrum

in thermal equilibrium within a cavity,

energy spectrum of lattice vibrations

oscillation amplitude pattern
resulting in the thermal average number of photons in a mode when the photons are in thermal equilibrium with a reservoir at
the total energy

In a state of equilibrium, the
of the photons in the cavity per unit volume

Stephan Boltzmann law of radiation which states that the radiant energy density for a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature, where τ=kBT.

the energy flux density, or rate per unit surface area,

determined proportionality

the net power emitted as a function of the body’s surface area,

Due to the opposite "directions" of absorption and emission, the net power (P), or rate of energy exchange via thermal radiation is defined: 2 P = P r - Pa. For a radiant source such as the Tungsten filament used in this experiment, the rate at which energy, E, is supplied to the lamp containing the filament is just P = IV. The rate at which energy is lost by the filament via radiation and convection at thermal equilibrium is defined: 1 IV = eσ As(T 4 - T o 4) + K(T - T o) (5) where K is a constant for the lamp. According to Edmonds 1, the contribution of the convection term is negligible, and due to the fact that T0 4 is less than 1% of T 4 above 800K, the energy absorbed by the filament from the environment is negligible. Therefore, the power of thermal radiation emitted by the filament is equivalent to Equation 3 at high temperatures. filament V A Figure 1. Electrical schematic of experimental setup. The HP power supply was adjusted such that a maximum of 12 V was established across the lamp filament. The voltage across the filament was decreased by increments of (0.5 ± 0.1) V to a voltage of 0.5 V. At each voltage increment, the current through to the lamp was also read (± 0.02 A) and recorded . A Gaertner traveling microscope was used to determine the surface area of the Tungsten filament, or radiant source. Considering the fact that the filament is a coiled cylinder, the diameter of the filament, D, was measured to determine the perimeter of a circle on the filaments surface: πD. The length of each loop was determined by measuring the diameter of a loop, Dc, to determine its perimeter: πDc , and the additional length of filament connecting two loops was determined by measuring the distance, lo, between the center of each loop. The number of loops, N, was counted and it was assumed that the length of filament connecting the two coils was simply an additional, stretched loop. Therefore, the surface area of the filament was determined using the following expression: As = πDN(lo + πDc ). V Complete Coil

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION To determine whether the rate of energy emitted was proportional to T 4 and to determine the Boltzmann constant, the temperature of the filament at each voltage step was determined. Provided with the lamp from Pasco was an experimentally determined set of values for the quotient R/R300K , or R/Ro (R = resistance across the filament, Ro = resistance across the filament at room temperature), as a function of the temperature, T (K), of the filament surface. Therefore, these values were plotted T vs. R/Ro using the data manipulation program, Igor Pro (version 3) to determine a fit expression relating any recorded value of R/Ro to the corresponding value for the surface temperature of the filament. The following expression with associated error values was determined for T in K: T = (-1.856 ± 0.072)x 2 + (206.6 ± 1.3)x + (118.3 ± 4.6) (6) where x = R/Ro. The fundamental expression, V = IR was used to determine the resistance for each voltage step. The value of Ro was determined by setting the voltage at a value close to 0.0 V, (50 ± 2) x 10 -4 V, immediately after turning the power supply on, and recording the corresponding current, (183 ± 3) x 10 -4 A. Calculated values for R/Ro were determined, which allowed for the determination of T for each voltage step using Equation 5. The values for P were plotted as a function of T to assess the validity of P = eAsσT 4 and determine the value of the Boltzmann constant. Considering Equation 5, the following expression describes a linear relation of log[P] as a function of log[T]: log[P] = 4log[T] +log[eσ As]. by Edmonds’ 1 lower limit of 800 K. The curve that is evident at the lower end of the temperatures appears to be a function of the radiation absorbed by the bulb and the energy lost via convection described by the additional terms in Equation 6. To determine the powerlaw for this data, a program was written in Igor Pro to properly fit the data and determine coefficients in the expression: y=c1x c2 +c3x+c0 (8) where x = T. For all non-zero coefficients, this would correspond to Equation 6, which considers the radiation absorbed from the environment and the energy lost via convection. It is important to note that the precision for measuring the voltage decreased as the voltage was taken to zero; therefore, the fit was properly weighted. The fit was then determined varying all constants to assess the relationship between P and T and is shown as the solid line in Figure 3. A fit to all the data points held the value of c2 constant at 4.0, and the remaining constants were permitted to vary. The value of c1 was determined to be (5.5 ± 0.3) x 10 -13, which can later be used to determine an experimental value for σ. Fits were plotted, holding co and c3 constant at 0, c2 constant at 4, but varying c1 to determine the temperature range at which the terms for energy absorbed from the environment and energy lost via convection were negligible. For temperatures greater than or equal to 2370 K the fit describes all data within the error. (See Figure 4.) 35

Temp. (K) Figure 3. The solid line is a fit by Equation 8 Figure 3 shows a linear relationship between P and T 4 for temperatures greater than or equal to 2000 K, which is contrary to the argument made The narrow range of higher temperatures was considered so that a better approximation of c1 = eσ As could be determined as (5.56 ± 0.20) x 10 -13.

To further assess the relationship between P and T, values of P were plotted as a function of T 4. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Power (W) 60x10 12 50403020100 Temp.^4 (K^4) Figure 5. This plot clearly demonstrates the linear relationship between P and T 4 at higher temperatures. The absorption of radiation and loss of energy via convection by the filament at low temperatures is evident in Figure 5 in the tapering of power values as the plot nears zero. A value of (5.9 ± 1.6) x 10 -13 was determined for c1 considering the same temperature range as for Figure 5. The value of σ was then determined using the two fitted values for c1. The value of the emissivity, e, for the Tungsten filament was determined by considering the accepted values over a range of temperatures. The spectral emissivity, eλ, for a material relates to a selected region of that surface’s heat spectrum. 6 One6 value of eλ for Tungsten at λ = 0.65 μ at 2273 K is 0.43. Edmonds 1 listed e λ with an average value of 0.41, and the CRC 4 lists the values of eλ = 0.43, over a temperature range, (1600 – 2800). Using an average value of eλ = 0.43 and the calculated value for As previously determined: CONCLUSION For the Tungsten filament of the Pasco electric lamp used in this experiment, the rate of energy exchange between the environment and the filament varied as the absolute temperature to the fourth power. At high temperatures (above 2370 K), this filament emitted thermal radiation like a blackbody, as the rate of thermal radiation from the filament was directly proportional to T 4. By not needing the terms describing the energy absorbed by the filament or the energy lost by convection, Boltzmann’s relationship was supported by a determination of the Boltzmann constant, (7.2 ± 1.5) x 10 -8 W/m 2K4, which is within two standard deviations of the known value of 5.670 x 10 -8 Wm -2K-4. REFERENCES 1 I.R. Edmonds, Am. J. Phys. 36, 845 (1968). 2 David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker, Fundamentals of Physics, 5 th ed. (Wiley, New York, 1977), p. 471 – 472, 663. 3 Charles Kittel and Herbert Kroemer, Thermal Physics, 2 nd ed. (W.H. Freeman, New York, 1980), p. 89 – 96. 4 D. R. Lide (ed. in chief), Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 77 th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1996), p. 10-262 5 Martin C. Martin, Elements of Thermodynamics, (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1986), p. 130 –131. 6 J. Thewlis, Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics, (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1961), p.

It must be noted that considering the inherent error in the manner in which Dc and D were measured, this experimental value for σ may not be considered conclusive or completely reliable. To eliminate any discrepancies, the surface area of the coil could be determined before the construction of the coil; or more practically, the general dimensions of the type of filament used to manufacture the TD-8555 electric lamp could be obtained from Pasco Scientific for comparison with the determination of As in this experiment. With that information, an experimental value for the emissivity of the Tungsten filament could also be determined using the known value of σ.

Boltzmann’s constant
(last line--but of that later)

Boltzmann constant was estimated to have a value of (7.2 ±1.5) x 10 -8 W/m 2K4, which is within two standard deviations of the accepted value, 5.670 x 10 -8 W/m2K4.

Anyone who has ever seen the bright sun or glowing lava has observed electromagnetic radiation emitted by these bodies in heat transfer. Fundamentally, any body not at a temperature of 0 K emits thermal radiation in the form of electromagnetic waves, while no medium is required for heat transfer. 5 In 1879, Stephan Boltzmann discovered that a body emits thermal radiation at a rate that is proportional to the temperature of the surface of the body raised to the fourth power, and he also discovered the proportionality constant for this relationship, σ = 5.670 x 10 -8 Wm-2K-4 (Boltzmann constant). 2 In this experiment, a range of voltages will be applied across a Tungsten filament in an attempt to verify this relationship for temperatures of the surface of the filament ranging from (323 – 2775) K. Furthermore, a powerlaw for the rate of energy exchange between the filament and the environment as a function of temperature will be determined. Considering only the rate of energy emission by the filament at high temperatures, another powerlaw function will be determined to calculate an experimental value for Boltzmann’s proportionality constant. object is equal to the energy absorbed by it in the form of radiation from surrounding objects.” 5 Under ideal circumstances, a perfect absorber is a body that is a perfect radiator, and it is referred to as a blackbody. (As a perfect absorber, the body does not reflect or scatter any radiated energy it intercepts.) The Planck distribution describes the emission spectrum of electromagnetic or blackbody radiation in thermal equilibrium within a cavity, and it also describes the “energy spectrum of lattice vibrations in an elastic solid." 3 A mode refers to an oscillation amplitude pattern in the cavity or solid. Furthermore, a mode of frequency ω can only be excited in quantized units of energy,ω; therefore, the energy, εs, of a state with s quanta in a mode is defined: εs =sω (1) As shown in Kittel and Kroemer 3, considering all states using the partition function, the Planck distribution function may be determined, resulting in the thermal average number of photons in a mode when the photons are in thermal equilibrium with a reservoir at temperature τ. Considering (1), the thermal average energy per mode may be determined, and then considering all modes, the total energy

In a state of equilibrium, the

of the photons in the cavity per unit volume may be determined. The total energy per unit volume may then be determined: U V = π 2 15 3 c 3τ 4 (2) Equation 2 is the Stephan Boltzmann law of radiation which states that the radiant energy density for a blackbody is proportional to the fourth power of the temperature, where τ=kBT. Therefore, the energy flux density, or rate per unit surface area, JU, at which energy is emitted by the blackbody is defined as: JU = σT 4 (3) The experimentally determined proportionality constant σ, or the Boltzmann constant, has a value 3 of 5.670 x 10-8 Wm-2K-4. For any body, the net power emitted as a function of the body’s surface area, As, the temperature of the environment, To ,and the temperature of the body's surface, T, respectively is Pa = eσ As(T 4 – T o 4) (4) The constant e is the emissivity or emissive power of the body's surface, and hence for a blackbody, e = 1. Due to the opposite "directions" of absorption and emission, the net power (P), or rate of energy exchange via thermal radiation is defined: 2 P = P r - Pa. For a radiant source such as the Tungsten filament used in this experiment, the rate at which energy, E, is supplied to the lamp containing the filament is just P = IV. The rate at which energy is lost by the filament via radiation and convection at thermal equilibrium is defined: 1 IV = eσ As(T 4 - T o 4) + K(T - T o) (5) where K is a constant for the lamp. According to Edmonds 1, the contribution of the convection term is negligible, and due to the fact that T0 4 is less than 1% of T 4 above 800K, the energy absorbed by the filament from the environment is negligible. Therefore, the power of thermal radiation emitted by the filament is equivalent to Equation 3 at high temperatures. filament V A Figure 1. Electrical schematic of experimental setup. The HP power supply was adjusted such that a maximum of 12 V was established across the lamp filament. The voltage across the filament was decreased by increments of (0.5 ± 0.1) V to a voltage of 0.5 V. At each voltage increment, the current through to the lamp was also read (± 0.02 A) and recorded . A Gaertner traveling microscope was used to determine the surface area of the Tungsten filament, or radiant source. Considering the fact that the filament is a coiled cylinder, the diameter of the filament, D, was measured to determine the perimeter of a circle on the filaments surface: πD. The length of each loop was determined by measuring the diameter of a loop, Dc, to determine its perimeter: πDc , and the additional length of filament connecting two loops was determined by measuring the distance, lo, between the center of each loop. The number of loops, N, was counted and it was assumed that the length of filament connecting the two coils was simply an additional, stretched loop. Therefore, the surface area of the filament was determined using the following expression: As = πDN(lo + πDc ). V Complete Coil

oo± 0.4) x 10 -3 cm. Therefore, A s was found to be (1.82 ± 0.29) x 10 -5 cm2. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION To determine whether the rate of energy emitted was proportional to T 4 and to determine the Boltzmann constant, the temperature of the filament at each voltage step was determined. Provided with the lamp from Pasco was an experimentally determined set of values for the quotient R/R300K , or R/Ro (R = resistance across the filament, Ro = resistance across the filament at room temperature), as a function of the temperature, T (K), of the filament surface. Therefore, these values were plotted T vs. R/Ro using the data manipulation program, Igor Pro (version 3) to determine a fit expression relating any recorded value of R/Ro to the corresponding value for the surface temperature of the filament. The following expression with associated error values was determined for T in K: T = (-1.856 ± 0.072)x 2 + (206.6 ± 1.3)x + (118.3 ± 4.6) (6) where x = R/Ro. The fundamental expression, V = IR was used to determine the resistance for each voltage step. The value of Ro was determined by setting the voltage at a value close to 0.0 V, (50 ± 2) x 10 -4 V, immediately after turning the power supply on, and recording the corresponding current, (183 ± 3) x 10 -4 A. Calculated values for R/Ro were determined, which allowed for the determination of T for each voltage step using Equation 5. The values for P were plotted as a function of T to assess the validity of P = eAsσT 4 and determine the value of the Boltzmann constant. Considering Equation 5, the following expression describes a linear relation of log[P] as a function of log[T]: log[P] = 4log[T] +log[eσ As]. by Edmonds’ 1 lower limit of 800 K. The curve that is evident at the lower end of the temperatures appears to be a function of the radiation absorbed by the bulb and the energy lost via convection described by the additional terms in Equation 6. To determine the powerlaw for this data, a program was written in Igor Pro to properly fit the data and determine coefficients in the expression: y=c1x c2 +c3x+c0 (8) where x = T. For all non-zero coefficients, this would correspond to Equation 6, which considers the radiation absorbed from the environment and the energy lost via convection. It is important to note that the precision for measuring the voltage decreased as the voltage was taken to zero; therefore, the fit was properly weighted. The fit was then determined varying all constants to assess the relationship between P and T and is shown as the solid line in Figure 3. A fit to all the data points held the value of c2 constant at 4.0, and the remaining constants were permitted to vary. The value of c1 was determined to be (5.5 ± 0.3) x 10 -13, which can later be used to determine an experimental value for σ. Fits were plotted, holding co and c3 constant at 0, c2 constant at 4, but varying c1 to determine the temperature range at which the terms for energy absorbed from the environment and energy lost via convection were negligible. For temperatures greater than or equal to 2370 K the fit describes all data within the error. (See Figure 4.) 35

Bonds

Write lyics about the different kinds of bonds, like electron
Make these short - medium, personify them, make them lyrical, make them mysticaql, like god and poeople “bonding”
Mix with langauge of psalms, use form of psalsm
Do 8 – 10
Pick one psalm to mix with each poem
Also, use refrain from end of Cantos “forgive us what we have made”

These must also echo at least one other poem from the series

twice as old as as old as I’ve felt

the relief of energy that outlives us

we’ve tried to be
uncuttable particles
made up of negative charges,

and a dense, massive gathering point
And the cloud around it

build a machine to emit internal combustion
build a machine to fill up the pause in conversation

Look away, we’re bound away

I can’t be in the midst of me, or not
drape my fingers off
your knee and

the table we’ll eat lunch off
not exactly plying or symbolicly

give me a chuckle, and

send you a clip of the gayest weatherman ever

I’ll make a desolation of me; and you

make me tired awhile, give me a chuckle,

Ionic Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds
Banana Bonds
Van der Walls’s bonds

Generally covalent and ionic bonds are often described as "strong", whereas hydrogen bonds and van der Waals' bonds a

7 Strong chemical bonds
7.1 Covalent bond
7.2 Polar covalent bond
7.3 Ionic bond
8 Other strong bonds
8.1 Coordinate covalent bond
8.2 Banana bond
9 Chemical bonds involving more than two atoms
9.1 Aromatic bond
9.2 Metallic bond
10 Intermolecular bonding
10.1 Permanent dipole to permanent dipole
10.2 Hydrogen bond
10.3 Instantaneous dipole to induced dipole (van der Waals)
10.4 Cation-pi interaction
11 Electrons in chemical bonds

Write some poems about the different parts of the atom

University of California Press
Fax: 1-800-999-1958 (1-609-883-1759)

Whomever it may concern:

I am teaching a seminar this Fall (2003) titled "Poetry of the Avant-Garde" and would like a desk copy of Jerome Rothenberg's and Pierre Joris's Poems for the Millennium, Volume One (ISBN 0-520-07227-8). I expect an enrollment of at least twelve students. While I already have a copy of The New American Poetry, and do not need a desk copy, the students will be ording that text as well.

best,

Dr. Joel Bettridge

Department of English
University of Redlands
1200 E. Colton Avenue
Redlands, CA 92373-0999
joel_bettridge@redlands.edu

To whom it may concern:

I am writing to ask if you send out desk copies. I am using Ron Silliman's Tjanting (Salt Publishing; ISBN: 1876857196) in a seminar this Fall (2003) titled "Poetry of the Avant-Garde." I expect an enrollment of at least twelve students. If this is not enough students or if you do not send out desk copies that is fine, but I wanted to check first. Thank you for you help.

best,

Dr. Joel Bettridge

Department of English
University of Redlands
1200 E. Colton Avenue
Redlands, CA 92373-0999
joel_bettridge@redlands.edu

Email: info@saltpublishing.com

or email to academic@penguin.com.

To whom it may concern:

I am using two of your books for my English 130 (Introduction to American Literature) class this Fall (2003). The texts are Edgar Allen Poe's The narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (Penguin; ISBN: 0140437487) and Herman Melville's Billy Budd and Other Stories (Penguin Classics; ISBN: 0140390537). I expect an enrollment of twenty students. I could not attach my bookstores acknowledgment of my order so I have forwarded their email to me just behind this email. Thank you for your help.

best,

Dr. Joel Bettridge

Department of English
University of Redlands
1200 E. Colton Avenue
Redlands, CA 92373-0999
joel_bettridge@redlands.edu

academic@hholt.com
To whom it may concern:

I am writing to request a desk copy as I am using one of your books for my English 130 (Introduction to American Literature) class this Fall (2003). The text is Marilynne Robinson's Housekeeping (Noonday Press, Reprint edition; ISBN: 0374525188) and it is a required text. I expect an enrollment of twenty students. The school's number is (909) 793 - 2121. I am not going to be on campus until September but you may reach me by email or at home at (909) 335 - 0976 if you have any other questions. Thank you for your help.

best,

Dr. Joel Bettridge

Department of English
University of Redlands
1200 E. Colton Avenue
Redlands, CA 92373-0999
joel_bettridge@redlands.edu

to gift.orders@aoltwbg.com.

school
class book

academic@hholt.com

Marilynne Robinson, Housekeeping
Noonday Press, Reprint edition; ISBN: 0374525188

Von Holtztzbrinck publishing services
1888 330 8477

Jerome Rothenberg and Pierre Joris (editors), Poems for the Millennium, Volume One
University of California UP: ISBN 0-520-07227-8)

The University of California Press distinguishes between desk copies and examination copies:
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If you have adopted a UC Press title for use in a course, please submit your desk copy request to us on your school letterhead to request your complimentary copy. Please include all relevant course information, including expected enrollment and course title.
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Salt Publishing
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Email: info@saltpublishing.com

Ron Silliman, Tjanting
Salt Publishing; (September 2002) ISBN: 1876857196

I Often Think of Dieing in a Fiery Ball of Steel

Respond to Screaming my head off (page 244)

A seatbelt of any kind

Landing at the airport yesterday I thought “I’m close to home—if we crash at least my parents can stay with me when they come to collect the body, if there is one.”

Poetry as a Philosophical Practice

Even as they were emerging as disciplines and identifiable genres, poetry and philosophy found themselves on intimate terms with each other. Plato consistently addressed poetry's relationship to philosophy, and from classical to contemporary philosophy, literary questions of aesthetic judgment and form have always accompanied philosophical questions of ethics and epistemology. With the advent of literary theory, literature and philosophy seem now even more necessary to each other, and yet, most theory only discusses particular texts as a way to make philosophical claims concerning ideas of writing and authorship. Writers like Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Derrida, Julia Kristeva and Judith Butler all do philosophy with literature, and explore the philosophical implications of literature, but they do not examine the way literature, or poetry specifically, can act as a philosophical practice. Even writers like Stanley Cavell and Martha Nussbaum who do investigate the philosophical possibilities of literature tend to focus on prose.

To make up for this lack, and to build off the ground breaking work of philosophers like Cavell and Nussbaum, this panel aims to investigate the sense that poetry is itself an investigation into the nature of things. By making deliberate choices about syntax, line breaks, the way words sound and look, even how to use source material, poetry controls the way an audience understands what is meant. Consequently it is a poem's form that is the frame through which readers view and understand the world and themselves—which is to say that poetry offers an account of how knowledge is conceptualized and formulated. With such a recognition at its center, this panel explores the way poetry teaches us to read, the way poetry asks us to enter, use, and think about language. To do so each panelist offers a unique perspective on the possibilities of poetry as a philosophical practice.

In her paper Kim Evans will look at the poetics of nearness (as found in the work of Charles Reznikoff, as formulated in the work of Charles Bernstein) as a means of breaking down the subject/object split: "In the poetics of nearness," Bernstein says, "you do not look out onto other people as if through a preexisting subjectivity, but find whomever you may be as person, as poet, in relation to them." In light of this—traditionally Jewish—manner of surviving incoherence by finding the self in a constellation of particulars, Evans want to investigate the difference between the broken-down subject (sometimes understood as the poetic subject, the subject in pieces, the subject in exile, as it were, from himself) and the broken-down sentence. She begins her investigation by considering the status of the detail, questioning the sufficiency of the metonym, and asking if the fragmented line is the only adequate reflection of the fragmented life.

Jena Osman begins with Barrett Watten's essay "Bride of the Assembly Line: from Material Text to Cultural Poetics," and his argument that "much recent experimental writing [is a] turning toward a skeptical abstraction in a way that presumes a value of language as critique but that refuses cultural engagement in more explicit terms." Osman further maps out this disjunction by looking at poems that use language found in print and tv news as source material. As a starting point she presents differing strategies as modeled by two Chilean artists who create politically engaged art: Alfredo Jaar and Cecilia Vicuna. Jaar uses the media tools that are central to the political world his art critiques, while Vicuna resists such tools, choosing rather to discover systems of attention and response found in cultural and etymological origins. This split in approach, then, provides an excellent entry point into the work of a number of American poets, including Bern Porter's "founds," Hannah Weiner's _Weeks_, and Kristin Prevallet's _Parasite Poems_.

Charles Altieri turns to Wallace Stevens' "The Latest Freed Man" as a powerful instance of modernist dismay with what philosophy had become under the dispensation of Enlightenment. By reading Steven's poem in this light Altieri explores how various lyric poems can make a sense of freedom matter—not only because of their emphasis on how the world emerges but also because of how they resist basing significant value claims on a psychology that involves forming beliefs and testing them against what can count as "objective" descriptions. Altieri opposes the current tendency in literary criticism to use "ethics" as its basic value term. While not quarreling with philosophical ethics, his paper critiques a critical position that cedes to philosophy the authority to define what counts as the justification of assertions about values and goals. Altieri shows that Stevens' interest in "how this freedom came" provides a model for thinking aspects of feeling and of willing which have little to do with belief and very much to do with the articulate grounding of how one's investments position oneself toward the world. Stevens' late poetry shows how our wills can maintain imaginary investments without projecting interpretations of the self or the world and without demanding the desire of others. We reflect on many significant values not by anchoring them in reasons but by monitoring who we become as we pursue them. Authority depends on authorship—this is the fundamental rallying cry by which the lyric can hold its own against philosophy.

By locating philosophy in poetry each panelist provides grounds for taking seriously William Carlos Williams's claim that poetry is "related to the movements of the imagination revealed in words." For Willliams the imagination is always an act in which we order the world; by examining how poetry transforms ordinary language and asks its readers to practice understanding itself in different ways, this panel hopes to offer an account of how poetry moves into the culture of ideas at large, consistently affecting the way we think about the creation of philosophical, ethical and political insight.

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With the publication of Ronald Johnson: Life & Works, the critical conversation about Johnson’s poetry can now become more holistic; in particular it can focus more specifically on a reading of Johnson’s poetics across his entire publishing career. Johnson’s poetry draws on the Modernist tradition as it runs through the Objectivists and Black Mountain, and there are certainly elements of the historical avant-garde in his work as well; in a sense Johnson attempts to reconcile the poetics of Olson and Zukofsky at his most challenging. This tendency has lead critics to emphasize very different elements of Johnson’s poetry. Critics like Mark Scroggins and Marjorie Perloff tend to emphasize the radical textual strategies of Johnson’s work, whereas writers like Eric Selinger and Norman Finkelstein emphasize its more overtly lyrical, even romantic foundations. But Johnson’s writing consistently combines his lyricism with his interest in radical artifice, even as his modes change from a more open verse to the concrete and then into ARK. In “Ronald Johnson’s Poetic Density” I will argue that while Johnson’s work does shift stylistically from the beginning to the end of his carrier, his poetics remain committed to referential density. Even when publishing visual poetry, Johnson pushes his work into a series of puns and literary references. In ARK Johnson shapes each line so that readers keep adding to their understanding of it. To gain a more holistic understanding of Johnson’s work I will explore the ways in which his poetics centers on this practice of multiplying meaning.

Phenomena and Noumena

If anyone does not confess that a polymer is a compound that consists of large molecules made of many chemically bonded smaller identical molecules, let him be anathema; if he does not take as an example starch and nylon, let him be anathema.

If he will not be guided by the scientific method; if he does not confess that appearances constitute our experience; if he makes no effort to describe the world as it really is, let him be anathema.

If anyone says that the microscopic world lives forever beyond our grasp let him be anathema; if anyone slanders proteins, nucleic acids, the biological process let him be anathema.

If anyone does not confess to the knowledge of what combines without confusion and without separation; if anyone by misuse of language asks after things in themselves; if he wonders aloud as to the reality of substances; let him be anathema. Amen.

hypotheses—those known and those yet to come; if he denies

Phenomena and Noumena

If he will not be guided by formulas—those known and those yet to come; if he does not confess that appearances constitute our experience; if he makes no effort to describe the world as it really is; let him be anathema.

If anyone says that the microscopic world lives forever beyond our grasp let him be anathema; if anyone slanders proteins, nucleic acids, the biological process, let him be anathema.

If anyone does not confess to the knowledge of what combines without confusion and without separation; if anyone by misuse of language suggests a number of Natures; if he asks after things in themselves; if he wonders aloud as to the reality of substances; let him be anathema. Amen.

Phenomena and Noumena

If anyone says that the microscopic world lives forever beyond our grasp let him be anathema; if anyone slanders proteins, nucleic acids, the biological process, let him be anathema.

If anyone does not confess to the knowledge of what combines without confusion and without separation; if anyone by misuse of language suggests a number of Natures; if he defends against the resistance to chemical violence;

Phenomena and Noumena

If anyone does not confess that a polymer is a substance made of molecules with a big molecular mass let him be anathema; if he does not then confess that these molecules are themselves made of repeating structural units, let him be anathema.

If anyone does not confess that appearances constitute our experience; if anyone makes no effort to describe the world as it really is; let him be anathema.

If anyone says that a small molecule cannot bond to others to form the above cited polymer; if he does not take as an example hydrocarbons; if he will not be guided by formulas, both those that are known and those that will be known, let him be anathema.

If anyone says that the microscopic world lives forever beyond our grasp let him be anathema; if anyone slanders proteins, nucleic acids, the biological process, let him be anathema.

If anyone does not confess the knowledge of what combines without confusion and without separation; if anyone by misuse of language suggests a number of Natures; if he

asks if every event has a cause; if he

do not go to the trouble ofto answer him.

Are there substances? Does every event have a cause? Do all things interact? Given that we must suppose them in order to have any experience, do they obtain in the world itself? To these further questions, Kant firmly refused to offer any answer.

noumena are the (presumed) things themselves, which constitute reality. All of our synthetic a priori judgments apply only to the phenomenal realm, not the noumenal. (It is only at this level, with respect to what we can experience, that we are justified in imposing the structure of our concepts onto the objects of our knowledge.) Since the thing in itself (Ding an sich) would by definition be entirely independent of our experience of it, we are utterly ignorant of the noumenal realm.
make no effort to describe the world as it really is

prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it.

learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena; only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena.

if anyone, if unagreement;.

If he does not confess; if he, all things, if he, in whom are all things;

through whom are all things, if he and; let me be anathema.

Confess shells and amber; let me be anathema; anathema; anathema.

Phenomena and Noumena

If anyone does not confess that appearances constitute our experience; if anyone makes no effort to describe the world as it really is; let him be anathema.

If anyone says that a small molecule cannot become chemically bonded to others to form the above cited polymer; if he does not take as examples hydrocarbons that turn into plastics; if he will not be guided by formulas, both those that are known and those that will be known, let him be anathema.

If anyone says that the microscopic world lives forever beyond our grasp let him be anathema.

If anyone by misuse of language understands the expression Vulcanization so that it does not have something or other to do with high heat and the addition of sulfur and cross-linked molecules; if anyone slanders proteins, nucleic acids, the biological process, let him be anathema.

Confess shells and amber; or a number of Natures let me be anathema; the knowledge of what combines without confusion and without separation anathema; the resistance to chemical violence anathema.

If anyone says, or if anyone, if unagreement—let me be anathema; if he does not confess; if he, through whom are all things, if he and in whom are all things; let me be anathema.

Phenomena and Noumena

If anyone does not confess that appearances constitute our experience; if anyone makes no effort to describe the world as it really is; let him be anathema.

If anyone says that the microscopic world lives forever beyond our grasp let him be anathema.

Confess shells and amber; or a number of Natures let me be anathema; the knowledge of what combines without confusion and without separation anathema; the resistant to chemical violence anathema.

If anyone says, or if anyone, if unagreement—let me be anathema; if he does not confess; if he, through whom are all things, if he and in whom are all things; let me be anathema.

Phenomena and Noumena

If anyone does not confess that appearances constitute our experience let him be anathema.

If anyone says that the microscopic world lives forever beyond our grasp let him be anathema.

If anyone understands the expression Vulcanization so that it does not mean that high heat and the addition of sulfur cross-link molecules; if anyone by misuse of language; if unagreement, substances they make smother and more resistant to chemical violence; let him be anathema.

If anyone makes no effort to describe the world as it really is and denies the structure as we experience it; what appears to us we have seen; the knowledge of what combines without confusion and without separation; if anyone slanders the role of proteins and nucleic acids, the biological process let him be anathema.

Confess shells and amber; or a number of Natures let him be anathema; if anyone says, or if anyone, let me be anathema; if he does not confess; if he, through whom are all things, if he and in whom are all things; let me be anathema.

Phenomena and Noumena

If anyone does not confess that a polymer is a substance made of molecules with a big molecular mass, which are themselves made of repeating structural units and joined by covalent bonds, let him be anathema. For there are reasons for atoms working together, of whom all are guided formulas, some of which we know and others we are still to learn of.

If anyone does not confess that appearances constitute our experience let him be anathema.

If anyone says that the microscopic world lives forever beyond our grasp let him be anathema;

If anyone understands the expression Vulcanization so that it does not allocate, I mean does not allow that high heat and the addition of sulfur cross-link molecules makes the bulk material harder and more durable; if anyone by misuse of language denies that this process also make the substance smother and more resistant to chemical violence; let him be anathema. For in the knowledge of what appears to us we have seen what combines without confusion and without separation.

If anyone slanders the role of proteins and nucleic acids, the biological process, the point is confess that shells and amber occure for chemical, natural reasons; let him be anathema. Or if anyone recognizes a number of Natures let him be anathema.
If anyone makes no effort to describe the world as it really is and denies the structure of the world as we experience it let him be anathema.

If anyone says, or if anyone, let him be anathema.

If anyone does not confess; let him be anathema, through whom are all things, and in whom are all things.

Phenomena and Noumena

If anyone does not confess that appearances constitute our experience let him be anathema.

If anyone says that the microscopic world lives forever beyond our grasp let him be anathema.

If anyone understands the expression Vulcanization so that it does not allow that high heat and the addition of sulfur cross-link molecules makes the bulk matertial harder and more durable; if anyone by misuse of language denies that this process also make the substance smother and more resistant to chemical violence; let him be anathema. For in the knowledge of what appears to us we have seen what combines without confusion and without separation.

If anyone slanders the role of proteins and nucleic acids in the biological process, and does not confess that shells and amber occure for chemical, natural reasons; let him be anathema. Or if anyone recognizes a number of Natures let him be anathema.
If anyone makes no effort to describe the world as it really is and denies the structure of the world as we experience it let him be anathema.

If anyone says, or if anyone, let him be anathema.

If anyone does not confess; let him be anathema, through whom are all things, and in whom are all things.

Grant, Almighty God, that, since to a perverse, and in every way a rebellious people, thou didst formerly show so much grace, as to exhort them continually to repentance, and to stretch forth thy hand to them by thy Prophets, — O grant, that the same word may sound in our ears; and when we do not immediately profit by thy teaching, O cast us not away, but, by thy Spirit, so subdue all our thoughts and affections, that we, being humbled, may give glory to thy majesty, such as is due to thee, and that, being allured by thy paternal favor, we may submit ourselves to thee, and, at the same time, embrace that mercy which thou offerest and presentest to us in Christ, that we may not doubt but thou wilt be a Father to us, until we shall at length enjoy that eternal inheritance, which has been obtained for us by the, blood of thine only-begotten Son. Amen.

*
Phenomena and Noumena

[don’t want this to be repeat of idea. Push in that direction, but needs kick. Idea is that molecular knowledge might very well be noumena. What are these things? Link it to spiritual skepticism, but give God more substance, or at least as much. Get language of church confessions.

What if you did not even give names / definitions of phenomena / numena. Just follow the confession structure, substituting science infor for religious. Slowing undo unwind scince. Turn poem into a prayer that the world holds together. –this seems right to me.

Where do you put DNA?
A polymer—that is, a substance made of molecules with a big molecular mass,
themselves made of repeating structural units and joined by covalent bonds.
What the fuck is a polymer?

Like plastics are? Can we know them in themselves
Or do they appear to us
Do they live forever beyond our grasp?

Phenomena are the appearances, which constitute the our experience;
noumena are the (presumed) things themselves, which constitute reality. All of our synthetic a priori judgments apply only to the phenomenal realm, not the noumenal. (It is only at this level, with respect to what we can experience, that we are justified in imposing the structure of our concepts onto the objects of our knowledge.) Since the thing in itself would by definition be entirely independent of our experience of it, we are utterly ignorant of the noumenal realm.
make no effort to describe the world as it really is

prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it.

learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena; only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena.

A polymer (s a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. Well known examples of polymers include plastics and DNA.

Natural polymer materials such as shellac and amber have been in use for centuries. Paper is manufactured from cellulose, a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in plants. Biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids play important roles in biological processes.

In 1922, Hermann Staudinger proposed that polymers consisted of long chains of atoms held together by covalent bonds,

A monommer (from Greek mono "one" and meros "part") is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer.
Examples of monomers are hydrocarbons such as the alkene and arene homologous series. Here hydrocarbon monomers such as phenylethene and ethene form polymers used as plastics like polyphenylethene (commonly known as polystyrene) and polyethene (commonly known as polyethylene or polythene). Other commercially important monomers include acrylic monomers such as acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, and acrylamide.
Amino acids are natural monomers, and polymerize to form proteins. Glucose monomers can also monomerize to form starches, amylopectins and glycogen polymers. In this case the poization reaction is known as a dehydration or condensation reaction (due to the formation of water (H2O) as one of the products) where a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl (-OH) group are lost to form H2O and an oxygen molecule bonds between each monomer unit.
The lower molecular weight compounds built from monomers are also referred to as dimers, trimers, tetramers, quadramers, pentamers, octamers, 20-mers, etc. if they have 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, or 20 monomer units, respectively. Any number of these monomer units may be indicated by the appropriate prefix, eg, decamer, being a 10-unit monomer chain or polymer. Larger numbers are often stated in English in lieu of Greek. Polymers with relatively low number of units are called oligomers.

If anyone does not confess that the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are one nature or essence, one power or authority, worshipped as a trinity of the same essence, one deity in three hypostases or persons, let him be anathema. For there is one God and Father, of whom are all things, and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and one Holy Spirit, in whom are all things.

If anyone does not confess that God the Word was twice begotten, the first before all time from the Father, non-temporal and bodiless, the other in the last days when he came down from the heavens and was incarnate by the holy, glorious, God-bearer, ever-virgin Mary, and born of her, let him be anathema.

If anyone says that God the Word who performed miracles is one and Christ who suffered is another, or says that God the Word was together with Christ who came from woman, or that the Word was in him as one person is in another, but is not one and the same, our Lord Jesus Christ, the Word of God, incarnate and become human, and that the wonders and the suffering which he voluntarily endured in flesh were not of the same person, let him be anathema.

If anyone says that the union of the Word of God with man was only according to grace or function or dignity or equality of honor or authority or relation or effect or power or according to his good pleasure, as though God the Word was pleased with man, or approved of him, as the raving Theodosius says; or that the union exists according to similarity of name, by which the Nestorians call God the Word Jesus and Christ, designating the man separately as Christ and as Son, speaking thus clearly of two persons, but when it comes to his honor, dignity, and worship, pretend to say that there is one person, one Son and one Christ, by a single designation; and if he does not acknowledge, as the holy Fathers have taught, that the union of God is made with the flesh animated by a reasonable and intelligent soul, and that such union is according to synthesis or hypostasis, and that therefore there is only one person, the Lord Jesus Christ one of the holy Trinity -- let him be anathema. As the word "union" has many meanings, the followers of the impiety of Apollinaris and Eutyches, assuming the disappearance of the natures, affirm a union by confusion. On the other hand the followers of Theodore and of Nestorius rejoicing in the division of the natures, introduce only a union of relation. But the holy Church of God, rejecting equally the impiety of both heresies, recognizes the union of God the Word with the flesh according to synthesis, that is according to hypostasis. For in the mystery of Christ the union according to synthesis preserves the two natures which have combined without confusion and without separation.

If anyone understands the expression -- one hypostasis of our Lord Jesus Christ -- so that it means the union of many hypostases, and if he attempts thus to introduce into the mystery of Christ two hypostases, or two persons, and, after having introduced two persons, speaks of one person according to dignity, honor or worship, as Theodore and Nestorius insanely have written; and if anyone slanders the holy synod of Chalcedon, as though it had used this expression in this impious sense, and does not confess that the Word of God is united with the flesh hypostatically, and that therefore there is but one hypostasis or one person, and that the holy synod of Chalcedon has professed in this sense the one hypostasis of our Lord Jesus Christ; let him be anathema. For the Holy Trinity, when God the Word was incarnate, was not increased by the addition of a person or hypostasis.

If anyone says that the holy, glorious, and ever-virgin Mary [Note: The claim that Mary is "ever-virgin" is Roman Catholic folklore. (Jonathan Barlow)] is called God-bearer by misuse of language and not truly, or by analogy, believing that only a mere man was born of her and that God the Word was not incarnate of her, but that the incarnation of God the Word resulted only from the fact that he united himself to that man who was born of her; if anyone slanders the Holy Synod of Chalcedon as though it had asserted the Virgin to be God-bearer according to the impious sense of Theodore; or if anyone shall call her manbearer or Christbearer, as if Christ were not God, and shall not confess that she is truly God-bearer, because God the Word who before all time was begotten of the Father was in these last days incarnate of her, and if anyone shall not confess that in this pious sense the holy Synod of Chalcedon confessed her to be God-bearer: let him be anathema.

If anyone using the expression, "in two natures," does not confess that our one Lord Jesus Christ is made known in the deity and in the manhood, in order to indicate by that expression a difference of the natures of which the ineffable union took place without confusion, a union in which neither the nature of the Word has changed into that of the flesh, nor that of the flesh into that of the Word (for each remained what it was by nature, even when the union by hypostasis had taken place); but shall take the expression with regard to the mystery of Christ in a sense so as to divide the parties, let him be anathema. Or if anyone recognizing the number of natures in the same our one Lord Jesus Christ, God the Word incarnate, does not take in contemplation only the difference of the natures which compose him, which difference is not destroyed by the union between them -- for one is composed of the two and the two are in one -- but shall make use of the number two to divide the natures or to make of them persons properly so called, let him be anathema.

If anyone confesses that the union took place out of two natures or speaks of the one incarnate nature of God the Word and does not understand those expressions as the holy Fathers have taught, that out of the divine and human natures, when union by hypostasis took place, one Christ was formed; but from these expressions tries to introduce one nature or essence of the Godhead and manhood of Christ; let him be anathema. For in saying that the only-begotten Word was united by hypostasis personally we do not mean that there was a mutual confusion of natures, but rather we understand that the Word was united to the flesh, each nature remaining what it was. Therefore there is one Christ, God and man, of the same essence with the Father as touching his Godhead, and of the same essence with us as touching his manhood. Therefore the Church of God equally rejects and anathematizes those who divide or cut apart or who introduce confusion into the mystery of the divine dispensation of Christ.

If anyone says that Christ ought to be worshipped in his two natures, in the sense that he introduces two adorations, the one peculiar to God the Word and the other peculiar to the man; or if anyone by destroying the flesh, or by confusing the Godhead and the humanity, or by contriving one nature or essence of those which were united and so worships Christ, and does not with one adoration worship God the Word incarnate with his own flesh, as the Church of God has received from the beginning; let him be anathema.

If anyone does not confess that our Lord Jesus Christ who was crucified in the flesh is true God and the Lord of Glory and one of the Holy Trinity; let him be anathema.

If anyone does not anathematize Arius, Eunomius, Macedonius, Apollinaris, Nestorius, Eutyches and Origen, together with their impious, godless writings, and all the other heretics already condemned and anathematized by the holy catholic and apostolic Church, and by the aforementioned four Holy Synods and all those who have held and hold or who in their godlessness persist in holding to the end the same opinion as those heretics just mentioned; let him be anathema.

Phenomena and Noumena

Like plastics are? Can we know them in themselves
Or do they appear to us
Do they live forever beyond our grasp?

prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it.

learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena; only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena.

In 1922, Hermann Staudinger proposed that polymers consisted of long chains of atoms held together by covalent bonds,

• If anyone does not confess that the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit are one nature or essence, one power or authority, worshipped as a trinity of the same essence, one deity in three hypostases or persons, let him be anathema. For there is one God and Father, of whom are all things, and one Lord Jesus Christ, through whom are all things, and one Holy Spirit, in whom are all things.

• If anyone does not confess that God the Word was twice begotten, the first before all time from the Father, non-temporal and bodiless, the other in the last days when he came down from the heavens and was incarnate by the holy, glorious, God-bearer, ever-virgin Mary, and born of her, let him be anathema.

• If anyone says that God the Word who performed miracles is one and Christ who suffered is another, or says that God the Word was together with Christ who came from woman, or that the Word was in him as one person is in another, but is not one and the same, our Lord Jesus Christ, the Word of God, incarnate and become human, and that the wonders and the suffering which he voluntarily endured in flesh were not of the same person, let him be anathema.

• If anyone says that the union of the Word of God with man was only according to grace or function or dignity or equality of honor or authority or relation or effect or power or according to his good pleasure, as though God the Word was pleased with man, or approved of him, as the raving Theodosius says; or that the union exists according to similarity of name, by which the Nestorians call God the Word Jesus and Christ, designating the man separately as Christ and as Son, speaking thus clearly of two persons, but when it comes to his honor, dignity, and worship, pretend to say that there is one person, one Son and one Christ, by a single designation; and if he does not acknowledge, as the holy Fathers have taught, that the union of God is made with the flesh animated by a reasonable and intelligent soul, and that such union is according to synthesis or hypostasis, and that therefore there is only one person, the Lord Jesus Christ one of the holy Trinity -- let him be anathema. As the word "union" has many meanings, the followers of the impiety of Apollinaris and Eutyches, assuming the disappearance of the natures, affirm a union by confusion. On the other hand the followers of Theodore and of Nestorius rejoicing in the division of the natures, introduce only a union of relation. But the holy Church of God, rejecting equally the impiety of both heresies, recognizes the union of God the Word with the flesh according to synthesis, that is according to hypostasis. For in the mystery of Christ the union according to synthesis preserves the two natures which have combined without confusion and without separation.

• If anyone understands the expression -- one hypostasis of our Lord Jesus Christ -- so that it means the union of many hypostases, and if he attempts thus to introduce into the mystery of Christ two hypostases, or two persons, and, after having introduced two persons, speaks of one person according to dignity, honor or worship, as Theodore and Nestorius insanely have written; and if anyone slanders the holy synod of Chalcedon, as though it had used this expression in this impious sense, and does not confess that the Word of God is united with the flesh hypostatically, and that therefore there is but one hypostasis or one person, and that the holy synod of Chalcedon has professed in this sense the one hypostasis of our Lord Jesus Christ; let him be anathema. For the Holy Trinity, when God the Word was incarnate, was not increased by the addition of a person or hypostasis.

• If anyone says that the holy, glorious, and ever-virgin Mary [Note: The claim that Mary is "ever-virgin" is Roman Catholic folklore. (Jonathan Barlow)] is called God-bearer by misuse of language and not truly, or by analogy, believing that only a mere man was born of her and that God the Word was not incarnate of her, but that the incarnation of God the Word resulted only from the fact that he united himself to that man who was born of her; if anyone slanders the Holy Synod of Chalcedon as though it had asserted the Virgin to be God-bearer according to the impious sense of Theodore; or if anyone shall call her manbearer or Christbearer, as if Christ were not God, and shall not confess that she is truly God-bearer, because God the Word who before all time was begotten of the Father was in these last days incarnate of her, and if anyone shall not confess that in this pious sense the holy Synod of Chalcedon confessed her to be God-bearer: let him be anathema.

• If anyone using the expression, "in two natures," does not confess that our one Lord Jesus Christ is made known in the deity and in the manhood, in order to indicate by that expression a difference of the natures of which the ineffable union took place without confusion, a union in which neither the nature of the Word has changed into that of the flesh, nor that of the flesh into that of the Word (for each remained what it was by nature, even when the union by hypostasis had taken place); but shall take the expression with regard to the mystery of Christ in a sense so as to divide the parties, let him be anathema. Or if anyone recognizing the number of natures in the same our one Lord Jesus Christ, God the Word incarnate, does not take in contemplation only the difference of the natures which compose him, which difference is not destroyed by the union between them -- for one is composed of the two and the two are in one -- but shall make use of the number two to divide the natures or to make of them persons properly so called, let him be anathema.

• If anyone confesses that the union took place out of two natures or speaks of the one incarnate nature of God the Word and does not understand those expressions as the holy Fathers have taught, that out of the divine and human natures, when union by hypostasis took place, one Christ was formed; but from these expressions tries to introduce one nature or essence of the Godhead and manhood of Christ; let him be anathema. For in saying that the only-begotten Word was united by hypostasis personally we do not mean that there was a mutual confusion of natures, but rather we understand that the Word was united to the flesh, each nature remaining what it was. Therefore there is one Christ, God and man, of the same essence with the Father as touching his Godhead, and of the same essence with us as touching his manhood. Therefore the Church of God equally rejects and anathematizes those who divide or cut apart or who introduce confusion into the mystery of the divine dispensation of Christ.

• If anyone says that Christ ought to be worshipped in his two natures, in the sense that he introduces two adorations, the one peculiar to God the Word and the other peculiar to the man; or if anyone by destroying the flesh, or by confusing the Godhead and the humanity, or by contriving one nature or essence of those which were united and so worships Christ, and does not with one adoration worship God the Word incarnate with his own flesh, as the Church of God has received from the beginning; let him be anathema.

• If anyone does not confess that our Lord Jesus Christ who was crucified in the flesh is true God and the Lord of Glory and one of the Holy Trinity; let him be anathema.

Phenomena and Noumena

things as they appear to us and things as they are in themselves
hope for a firm basis for knowledge of the former, the latter might live forevoer beyond our grasp

Are there substances? Does every event have a cause? Do all things interact? Given that we must suppose them in order to have any experience, do they obtain in the world itself?
Phenomena are the appearances, which constitute the our experience;

prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it.

learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena; only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena.

A polymer (from the Greek word, πολυ, polu, "many"; and μέρος, meros, "part") is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. Well known examples of polymers include plastics and DNA.

While the term polymer in popular usage suggests "plastic", polymers comprise a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties and purposes. Natural polymer materials such as shellac and amber have been in use for centuries. Paper is manufactured from cellulose, a naturally occurring polysaccharide found in plants. Biopolymers such as proteins and nucleic acids play important roles in biological processes.

[edit]
Historical development
The term polymer was coined in 1833 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius. Around the same time Henri Braconnot did pioneering work in derivative cellulose compounds, perhaps the earliest important work in polymer science. The development of vulcanization later in the nineteenth century improved the durability of the natural polymer rubber, signifying the first popularized semi-synthetic polymer. The first wholly synthetic polymer, Bakelite, was introduced in 1909.
Despite significant advances in synthesis and characterization of polymers, a proper understanding of polymer molecular structure did not come until the 1920s. Before that, scientists believed that polymers were clusters of small molecules (called colloids), without definite molecular weights, held together by an unknown force, a concept known as association theory. In 1922, Hermann Staudinger proposed that polymers consisted of long chains of atoms held together by covalent bonds, an idea which did not gain wide acceptance for over a decade, and for which Staudinger was ultimately awarded the Nobel Prize. An important contribution to synthetic polymer science was given by the Italian chemist Giulio Natta and Karl Ziegler who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 for the development of the Ziegler-Natta catalyst. .In the intervening century, synthetic polymer materials such as Nylon, polyethylene, Teflon, and silicone have formed the basis for a burgeoning polymer industry.
Synthetic polymers today find application in nearly every industry and area of life. Polymers are widely used as adhesives and lubricants, as well as structural components for products ranging from childrens' toys to aircraft. Polymers such as poly(methyl methacrylate) find application as photoresist materials used in semiconductor manufacturing and low-k dielectrics for use in high-performance microprocessors. Future applications include flexible polymer-based substrates for electronic displays and improved time-released and targeted drug delivery.

Phenomena and Noumena

Last night, David, four days off meth, four days outdoors, said “The world is fucked up and terrible; awful things are happening all around us, but I don’t want to die. I don’t want to die out here.” And I don’t want to do a lot of different styles well. Switzerland aught to be overrun. And then 1967 circa 1967. Our lives stand loaded /With cartridges likely to misfire.

We are damn lost in a neo-futurist time machine: I can’t help it. We are where we are not. Our poems are like our country are like our human, social, and natural sciences are like our machines are like our body’s drift and leaks. We will not stay up all night. We like to sit alone in our rooms and talk with one another through technological mediums. We don’t love anything. We love the absurd mostly when it makes sense.

A metaphor and a literally: the knowledge of the structure, properties, and reactive characteristics of substances at the molecular level. We stand, look, and walk around on letters and numbers in various configurations—they know everything. The pitch to take for the real of radiation and the practical movement of atoms is not something I’ve ever heard.

things as they appear to us and things as they are in themselves
hope for a firm basis for knowledge of the former, the latter might live forevoer beyond our grasp

prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it.

learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena; only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena.

Kant's distinction between things as they appear to us and things as they are in themselves {Ger. Ding an sich}. Although cautious application of transcendental arguments may provide a firm basis for knowledge of the former, Kant supposed, the latter lie forever beyond our grasp.

Having seen Kant's transcendental deduction of the categories as pure concepts of the understanding applicable a priori to every possible experience, we might naturally wish to ask the further question whether these regulative principles are really true. Are there substances? Does every event have a cause? Do all things interact? Given that we must suppose them in order to have any experience, do they obtain in the world itself? To these further questions, Kant firmly refused to offer any answer.
According to Kant, it is vital always to distinguish between the distinct realms of phenomena and noumena. Phenomena are the appearances, which constitute the our experience; noumena are the (presumed) things themselves, which constitute reality. All of our synthetic a priori judgments apply only to the phenomenal realm, not the noumenal. (It is only at this level, with respect to what we can experience, that we are justified in imposing the structure of our concepts onto the objects of our knowledge.) Since the thing in itself (Ding an sich) would by definition be entirely independent of our experience of it, we are utterly ignorant of the noumenal realm.
Thus, on Kant's view, the most fundamental laws of nature, like the truths of mathematics, are knowable precisely because they make no effort to describe the world as it really is but rather prescribe the structure of the world as we experience it. By applying the pure forms of sensible intuition and the pure concepts of the understanding, we achieve a systematic view of the phenomenal realm but learn nothing of the noumenal realm. Math and science are certainly true of the phenomena; only metaphysics claims to instruct us about the noumena.

The Use of Innovative Poetics

Despite the common use of the word "poetics" inside innovative poetry communities, it does not appear that what poetics is, is at all certain. Although the most recent generation of innovative writers has tended to move away from clear group formation, it still claims an interest in poetics, which has been for the last few decades one of the more obvious vehicles for group formation and polarizing aesthetic and political claims. Rather than focus exclusively on poetry, many of these poets have taken on the concerns of theory or cultural studies, writing as often about philosophy, art or film as poetry when arguing for an aesthetic project. Moreover, the generation that proceeded these younger writers now practices poetics in a very different manner than they did during the 1970s and 1980s. Some of these older poets, perhaps most visibly Ron Silliman, employ web blogs to publish their poetics rather than little magazines. Other poets, like Steve McCaffery and Charles Bernstein, now talk as much about racial and gender theories as they do aesthetics and politics (and in doing so have begun to respond to the pioneering work of writers Rachel Blau DuPlessis and Jerome Rothenberg). And yet, in the face of this varied practice, most poets involved with radical aesthetics still continue to talk about and use poetics as if it is a clearly defined genre. _Telling It Slant_, the most recent collection of innovative poetics by younger writers, for example, clearly foregrounds the troubled relationship its essays have with literary criticism, but does not seriously question what poetics is or what it should do.

Compounding the uncertainty around poetics is the fact that although a great deal of work has been done on the prose of poets, by critics such as Stephen Fredman, this scholarship has rarely addressed poetics as its own subject; when considered, a poet's poetics is often treated mainly as an explanation for the poetry in question. In this regard, the major focus of academic publishing concerned with poetics aims to publish primary works of poetics or collections of poetics, a recent example being _Artifice and Indeterminacy: An Anthology of New Poetics_, edited by Christopher Beach. However, like _Telling It Slant_, this collections does not foreground the troubled state of contemporary innovative poetics. Considering, then, this critical gap, and poetics current heterogeneous state, where it is at once a central element of innovative poetry even as it grows less identifiable as a genre, the purpose and character of innovative poetics needs to be reconsidered. This panel aims to do so by looking at how innovative poets have used poetics as an evolving practice during the past fifty years and by approaching such a concern as a consideration of what an innovative poetics might even be—what it accomplishes and examines, and how it does so. To achieve this goal, each panelist offers a unique perspective on the form and use of innovative poetics.

Stephen Fredman's paper explores the issue of how aesthetics became a way of life for poets and artists in California during the 1950s and 1960s. The discussion is centered around the artist Wallace Berman's journal _Semina_ and the poets who published there, such as Robert Duncan, David Meltzer, Michael McClure, Jack Hirschman, and John Wieners. In particular, Fredman looks at the influence of Antonin Artaud upon the California aesthetic, since he provided a model for how artistic experimentation becomes part of a larger investigation of non-regulated social worlds. Fredman argues that, in California at this period, a unique artistic stance evolved that combines surrealism with the occult and political anarchism, setting in motion social and artistic forces that continue to influence the present.

In his paper, Lytle Shaw maintains that historically, avant-garde movements in poetics have followed the paradoxical structure of constituting themselves by renegotiating and expanding poetry’s possible domain. While in the past this has brought poetry into contact with anthropology, linguistics, music and historiography (among many other disciplines), over the past 15 years the generation of post-Language writers has made spatial discourses fundamental in new ways. Examining their engagements with conceptual art, urbanism, and global politics, Shaw's paper traces a shift toward new models of site-specificity that uncouple the concept of site from the thematic and social essences that had previous organized most versions of the poetics of place. Considering recent works by Lisa Robertson, Rodrigo Toscano and Rob Fitterman, Shaw's essay relates their poetics at once to the terms of Language writing and to the emerging discourse of site-specificity in art theory.

Joan Retallack begins with a simple definition of poetics as an act of composing relationships among materials whose consequence is an alteration in geometries of attention. Suppose one thinks of any poetics as a subtle intervention in some aspect of the way in which we are human: our reciprocal alterities, our positions as subjects moving through the charged field that is culture’s relationship to the rest of nature. The geometry of attention that a poetics enacts is, in effect, directing the forms these interventions take in one’s contemporary moment though not necessarily their consequences. With this definition in mind, Retallack raises questions about several kinds of poetics that enact an ethos of the contemporary but with very different values as their starting points. Wittgenstein, Winnicott, Stein and Cage—along with some current theories in neuroscience—provide coordinates for a brief analysis of several examples from American and British poets.

By taking the uncertain condition of innovative poetics as a profitable circumstance, each panelist provides ground for examining how innovative poetics transforms the space of poetry. This panel's concern for the very usefulness and form of innovative poetics, then, hopes to offer an account of how poetics shapes the way we think about the purpose and execution of a poet's aesthetic and theoretical project.

Representative Democracy

Go balloons, go balloons! Go balloons! I don't see anything happening. Go
balloons! Go balloons! Go balloons! Standby confetti. Keep coming,
balloons. More balloons. Bring it—balloons, balloons, balloons! We
want balloons, tons of them. Bring them down. Let them all come. No
confetti. No confetti yet.

No confetti. All right, go balloons, go balloons. We need more balloons. All
balloons! All balloons! Keep going! Come on, guys, let’s move it. Jesus!
We need more balloons. I want all balloons to go, goddammit. Go confetti.
Go confetti. More confetti. I want more balloons. What's happening
to the balloons? We need more balloons.

We need all of them coming down. Go balloons—balloons? What's happening
balloons? There's not enough coming down! All balloons, what the hell!
There's nothing falling! What the fuck are you guys doing up there? We
want more balloons coming down, more balloons, more balloons,
more balloons…

— DNC director Don Mischer, as heard live on CNN after John Kerry’s acceptance speech in 2004

Timeline

Do a time line poem. “major technological developments.”

Defamilarize the events.

Add to it two forward looking parts “in X years Y”

Homelessness in Portland.

In 2005 the unsheltered Street Count in Portland, OR stood at 2,355
In 2006, approximately 195,827 veterans were homeless on a given night—an increase of 0.8 percent from 194,254 in 2005. More veterans experience homeless over the course of the year. We estimate that 336,627 were homeless in 2006.
Veterans make up a disproportionate share of homeless people. They represent roughly 26 percent of homeless people, but only 11 percent of the civilian population 18 years and older. This is true despite the fact that veterans are better educated, more likely to be employed, and have a lower poverty rate than the general population.

http://www.endhomelessness.org/section/data/homelessnessinst

One of the futurisitss lives.

Get in idea of egostion?

In the midst of this, make forward and backward references to strange timeline developments (like postoffice.): http://inventors.about.com/od/timelines/Timelines_of_Invention_and_Technology.htm

Do an “aside for the history of the world understood through the lens of fininace and economic mediation or Capitalism or whatever.

Year—money
Year-money
Money, money, money, money

Add a few funny historical events
Add a few personal ones, I bought an X for Y

On X In 2003 I paid off my credit car bill. (three days later) I put 600.00 dolor on my creid card to bring by car up to Califonria imisions standards.

Tin Man as Fururist Hero

address “matters about which there is, precisely, nothing left to say”

The genealogy of “what is the status of your own text in the white economy of discourse?”

Endless recuperating differential forms, endlessly manufacturing shabbier and shabbier critical goods.”

“no longer worth discussing; but those who think so have not yet even begun to think it.”

“only those willing to remain in the death of the avant-garde, those who cease trying to drown out death’s silence with the noise of neocritcal production, will ever have a hope of hearing what that death articulates.”

I’m inclinded to turn against myself

“the terminus toward which they were always driven.”

“a point beyond which there is precisely nothing”

“go nowhere”; discurvise suicide”

the certainty “that nothing one writes any longer is a friend to art, nor is art any longer a friend to itself”

“with whom we cannot dwell or be conconciled”

“death from discourse” “where artists resign from discourse and discourse resigns itself to reproducing its death. A vanishing point.”

“the last line of this poem is blank”

“a placebo heart made of velvet and filled with sawdust.”

But oz never did give nothing to the tin man
That he didnt, didnt already have
And cause never was the reason for the evening
Or the tropic of sir galahad.

Turning to the Tin Woodman, she asked, "What will become of you when Dorothy leaves this country?"
He leaned on his axe and thought a moment. Then he said, "The Winkies were very kind to me, and wanted me to rule over them after the Wicked Witch died. I am fond of the Winkies, and if I could get back again to the Country of the West, I should like nothing better than to rule over them forever."
"My second command to the Winged Monkeys," said Glinda "will be that they carry you safely to the land of the Winkies. Your brain may not be so large to look at as those of the Scarecrow, but you are really brighter than he is--when you are well polished-- and I am sure you will rule the Winkies wisely and well."

And I should not have had my lovely heart," said the Tin Woodman. "I might have stood and rusted in the forest till the end of the world."

Then she kissed the Tin Woodman, who was weeping in a way most dangerous to his joints

Vulcanization refers to a specific curing process of rubber involving high heat and the addition of sulfur. It is a chemical process in which polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules by atomic bridges composed of sulfur atoms. The end result is that the springy rubber molecules become cross-linked to a greater or lesser extent. This makes the bulk material harder, much more durable and also more resistant to chemical attack. It also makes the surface of the material smoother and prevents it from sticking to metal or plastic chemical catalysts.
This heavily cross-linked polymer has strong covalent bonds, with strong forces between the chains, and is therefore an insoluble and infusible, thermosetting polymer or thermoset.
The process is named after Vulcan, Roman god of fire.
Contents [hide]
• 1 Reason for vulcanizing
• 2 Description
• 3 Overview and history
• 4 Goodyear's contribution
• 5 Later developments
• 6 Devulcanization
• 7 References

[edit]
Reason for vulcanizing
Uncured natural rubber is sticky and can easily deform when warm, and is brittle when cold. So it cannot be used to make articles with a good level of elasticity (where elasticity is defined as the possibility to return to the original shape after a deformation). The reason for unelastic deformation of unvulcanized rubber can be found in the chemical nature: rubber is made of long polymer chains. These polymer chains can move independently towards each other, and this will result in an irreversible change of shape. By the process of vulcanization crosslinks are formed between the polymer chains, so the chains cannot move independently anymore. As a result, when stress is applied the vulcanized rubber will deform, but upon release of the stress, the rubber article will go back to its original shape.

[edit]
Description
Vulcanization is generally considered to be an irreversible process (see below), similar to other thermosets and must be contrasted strongly with thermoplastic processes (the melt-freeze process) which characterize the behavior of most modern polymers. This irreversible cure reaction defines cured rubber compounds as thermoset materials, which do not melt on heating, and places them outside the class of thermoplastic materials (like polyethylene and polypropylene). This is a fundamental difference between rubbers and thermoplastics, and sets the conditions for their applications in the real world, their costs, and the economics of their supply and demand.
Usually, the actual chemical cross-linking is done with sulfur, but there are other technologies, including peroxide-based systems. The combined cure package in a typical rubber compound comprises the cure agent itself, (sulfur or peroxide), together with accelerators, activators like zinc oxide and stearic acid and antidegradants. Prevention of vulcanization starting too early is done by addition of retarding agents. Antidegradants are used to prevent degradation by heat, oxygen and ozone.
Along the rubber molecule, there are a number of sites which are attractive to sulfur atoms. These are called cure sites, and are generally sites with an unsaturated carbon-carbon bond, like in polyisoprene, the basic material of natural rubber,and in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), the basic material for passenger tires. The active sites are allylic hydrogen atoms; that means they are hydrogen atoms connected to the first saturated carbon atom connected to the carbon-carbon double bond. During vulcanization the eight-membered ring of sulfur breaks down in smaller parts with one to eight sulfur atoms. These small sulfur chains are quite reactive. At each cure site on the rubber molecule, such short sulfur chain can attach itself, and eventually reacts with a cure site of another rubber molecule, and so forming a bond between two chains. This is named a cross-link. These sulfur bridges are typically between two and eight atoms long. The number of sulfur atoms in a sulfur crosslink has a strong influence on the physical properties of the final rubber article. Short sulfur crosslinks, with just one or two sulfur atoms in the crosslink, give the rubber a very good heat resistance. Crosslinks with higher number of sulfur atoms, up to six or seven, give the rubber very good dynamic properties but with lesser heat resistance. Dynamic properties are important for flexing movements of the rubber article, e.g., the movement of a side-wall of a running tire. Without good flexing properties these movements will rapidly lead to formation of cracks and, ultimately, to failure of the rubber article.
Vulcanization methods.
There are various vulcanization methods. The economically most important method i.e the vulcanization of tires uses increased pressure and temperature. A typical vulcanization temperature for a passenger tire is 10 minutes at 170 dgrees C. This type of vulcanization is an example of the general vulcanization method named compression moulding. The rubber article is intended to adopt the shape of the mold. Other methods for instance those used to make door profiles for cars use hot air vulcanization or microwave heated vulcanization (both continuous processes).

[edit]
Overview and history
Although vulcanization is a 19th century invention, the history of rubber cured by other means goes back to prehistoric times. The name "Olmec" means "rubber people" in the Aztec language. Ancient Mesoamericans, spanning from ancient Olmecs to Aztecs, extracted latex from Castilla elastica, a type of rubber tree in the area. The juice of a local vine, Ipomoea alba, was then mixed with this latex to create an ancient processed rubber as early as 1600 BC [1] .
The first reference to rubber in Europe appears to be in 1770, when Edward Nairne was selling cubes of natural rubber from his shop at 20 Cornhill, London. The cubes, meant to be erasers, sold for the astonishingly high price of 3 shillings per half-inch cube.
In the mid-19th century rubber was a novelty material, but it did not find much application in the industrial world. It was used first as erasers, and then as medical devices for connecting tubes and for inhaling medicinal gases. With the discovery that rubber was soluble in ether, it found applications in waterproof coatings, notably for shoes and soon after this, the rubberized Mackintosh coat became very popular.
Nevertheless, most of these applications were in small volumes and the material did not last long. The reason for this lack of serious applications was the fact that the material was not durable, was sticky and often rotted and smelled bad because it remained in its uncured state.

[edit]
Goodyear's contribution
Most textbooks point out that Charles Goodyear (1800–1860) invented vulcanization of rubber as used today by the addition of sulfur in high heat. Depending on what you read, the Goodyear story is one of either pure luck or careful research. Goodyear insists that it was the latter, though many contemporaneous accounts indicate the former.
Goodyear claimed that he discovered vulcanization in 1839, but did not patent the invention until June 15, 1844, and did not write the story of the discovery until 1853 in his autobiographical book Gum-Elastica. Meanwhile, Thomas Hancock (1786-1865), a scientist and engineer, patented the process in the UK on November 21, 1843, eight weeks before Goodyear applied for his own UK patent.
The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company adopted the Goodyear name because of its activities in the rubber industry, but it has no other links to Charles Goodyear and his family.
Here is Goodyear's account of the invention, taken from Gum-Elastica. Although the book is an autobiography, Goodyear chose to write it in the third person, so that 'the inventor' and 'he' referred to in the text are in fact the author. He describes the scene in a rubber factory where his brother worked:
... The inventor made some experiments to ascertain the effect of heat on the same compound that had decomposed in the mail-bags and other articles. He was surprised to find that the specimen, being carelessly brought into contact with a hot stove, charred like leather.
Goodyear goes on to describe how he attempted to call the attention of his brother and other workers in the plant who were familiar with the behavior of dissolved rubber, but they dismissed his appeal as unworthy of their attention, believing it to be one of the many appeals he made to them on account of some strange experiment. Goodyear claims he tried to tell them that dissolved rubber usually melted when heated excessively, but they still ignored him.
He directly inferred that if the process of charring could be stopped at the right point, it might divest the gum of its native adhesiveness throughout, which would make it better than the native gum. Upon further trial with heat, he was further convinced of the correctness of this inference, by finding that the India rubber could not be melted in boiling sulfur at any heat ever so great, but always charred. He made another trial of heating a similar fabric before an open fire. The same effect, that of charring the gum, followed; but there were further and very satisfactory indications of success in producing the desired result, as upon the edge of the charred portion appeared a line or border, that was not charred, but perfectly cured.
Goodyear then goes on to describe how he moved to Woburn, Massachusetts and carried out a series of systematic experiments to discover the right conditions for curing rubber.
... On ascertaining to a certainty that he had found the object of his search and much more, and that the new substance was proof against cold and the solvent of the native gum, he felt himself amply repaid for the past, and quite indifferent to the trials of the future.
Goodyear never made any money out of his invention. He pawned all his family's possessions in an effort to raise money, but on July 1, 1860, he died with debts of over $200,000.

[edit]
Later developments
Whatever the true history, the discovery of the rubber-sulfur reaction revolutionized the use and applications of rubber, and changed the face of the industrial world.
Up to that time, the only way to seal a small gap between moving machine parts, such as between a piston and its cylinder in a steam engine, was to use leather soaked in oil. This was acceptable up to moderate pressures, but above a certain point, machine designers had to compromise between the extra friction generated by packing the leather more tightly and greater leakage of precious steam.
Vulcanized rubber offered the ideal solution. With vulcanized rubber, engineers had a material which could be shaped and formed to precise shapes and dimensions, and which would accept moderate to large deformations under load and recover quickly to its original dimensions once the load was removed. These, combined with good durability and lack of stickiness, are the critical requirements for an effective sealing material.
Further experiments in the processing and compounding of rubber were carried out, mostly in the UK by Hancock and his colleagues. These led to a more repeatable and stable process.
In 1905, however, George Oenslager discovered that a derivative of aniline called thiocarbanilide was able to accelerate the action of sulfur on the rubber, leading to much shorter cure times and reduced energy consumption. This work, though much less well-known, is almost as fundamental to the development of the rubber industry as that of Goodyear in discovering the sulfur cure. Accelerators made the cure process much more reliable and more repeatable. One year after his discovery, Oenslager had found hundreds of potential applications for his additive.
Thus, the science of accelerators and retarders was born. An accelerator speeds up the cure reaction, while a retarder delays it. In the subsequent century, various chemists have developed other accelerators, and so-called ultra-accelerators, that make the reaction very fast, and are used to make most modern rubber goods.

[edit]
Devulcanization
The rubber industry has been researching the devulcanization of rubber for many years. The main difficulty in recycling rubber has been devulcanizing the rubber without compromising its desirable properties. The process of devulcanization involves treating rubber in granular form with heat and/or softening agents in order to restore its elastic qualities, in order to enable the rubber to be reused. Several experimental processes have achieved varying degrees of success in the laboratory, but have been less successful when scaled up to commercial production levels. Also, different processes result in different levels of devulcanization: for example, the use of a very fine granulate and a process that produces surface devulcanization will yield a product with some of the desired qualities of unrecycled rubber.
The rubber recycling process begins with the collection and shredding of discarded tires. This reduces the rubber to a granular material, and all the steel and reinforcing fibers are removed. After a secondary grinding, the resulting rubber powder is ready for product remanufacture. However, the manufacturing applications that can utilize this inert material are restricted to those which do not require its vulcanization.
In the rubber recycling process, devulcanization begins with the delinking of the sulfur molecules from the rubber molecules, thereby facilitating the formation of new cross-linkages. Two main rubber recycling processes have been developed: the modified oil process and the water-oil process. With each of these processes, oil and a reclaiming agent are added to the reclaimed rubber powder, which is subjected to high temperature and pressure for a long period (5-12 hours) in special equipment and also requires extensive mechanical post-processing. The reclaimed rubber from these processes has altered properties and is unsuitable for use in many products, including tires. Typically, these various devulcanization processes have failed to result in significant devulcanization, have failed to achieve consistent quality, or have been prohibitively expensive.
In the mid-1990s, researchers at the Guangzhou Research Institute for the Utilization of Reusable Resources in China patented a method for the reclamation and devulcanizing of recycled rubber. Their technology, known as the AMR Process, is claimed to produce a new polymer with consistent properties that are close to those of natural and synthetic rubber, and at a significantly lower potential cost.
The AMR Process exploits the molecular characteristics of vulcanized rubber powder in conjunction with the use of an activator, a modifier and an accelerator reacting homogeneously with particles of rubber. The chemical reaction that occurs in the mixing process facilitates the delinking of the sulfur molecules, thereby enabling the characteristics of either natural or synthetic rubber to be recreated. A mixture of chemical additives is added to the recycled rubber powder in a mixer for approximately five minutes, after which the powder passes through a cooling process and is then ready for packaging. The proponents of the process also claim that the process releases no toxins, by-products or contaminants. The reactivated rubber may then be compounded and processed to meet specific requirements.
Currently, Landstar Rubber, which holds the North American license for the AMR Process, has built a rubber reprocessing plant and research/quality control lab in Columbus, Ohio. The plant performs production runs on a demonstration basis or at small commercial levels. The recycled rubber from the Ohio plant is currently being tested by an independent lab to establish its physical and chemical properties.
Whether or not the AMR Process succeeds, the market for new raw rubber or equivalent remains enormous, with North America alone using over 10 billion pounds (circa 4.5 million tons) every year. The auto industry consumes approximately 79% of new rubber and 57% of synthetic rubber. To date, recycled rubber has not been used as a replacement for new or synthetic rubber in significant quantities, largely because the desired properties have not been achieved. Used tires are the most visible of the waste products made from rubber; it is estimated that North America alone generates approximately 300 million waste tires annually, with over half being added to stockpiles that are already huge. It is estimated that less than 10% of waste rubber is reused in any kind of new product. Furthermore, the United States, the European Union, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Japan and the Middle East collectively produce about one billion tires annually, with estimated accumulations of three billion in Europe and six billion in North America.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

The clock and its buzzer; the refrigerator as well as the oven—you are gracious to me.

The electric toothbrush, the MP3 player, the bus, the streetcar, the hinges on each door I pass through; my cell phone, you understand hopelessness; you help me feel like a balanced entire person.

The personal computer, with you my self-confidence has sky rocketed. A copy machine, often a laser printer, you get it. You realize how important “feeling whole” is.

The television and the DVD player, the prophylactic to prevent the sharing of transmittable diseases and pregnancy, you make me feel perfectly at ease in any situation; you provide a service that not only restores function and productivity to my individual life, but also enhance my ability to “pitch in” for the community. With you I can live as near a normal life as possible—I thank you for that.

The bedside table light, you make me a functional human being when I get back home and into bed and down to sleep again.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

The clock and its buzzer; the refrigerator as well as the oven—you are gracious to me.

The electric toothbrush, the MP3 player, the bus, the streetcar, the hinges on each door I pass through; my cell phone, you understand hopelessness; you help me feel like a balanced entire person.

The personal computer, with you my self-confidence has sky rocketed. A copy machine, often a laser printer, you get it. You realize how important “feeling whole” is.

The bedside table light, you make me a functional human being when I get back home and into bed and down to sleep again.

Without your help I would feel so useless and no longer a part of anything important.
.
and feel like I'm still part of a workable society.
The bus again, you draw me back into the public realm and have made a real difference in my life; the confidence and independence you provide is amazing.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

[how to cut the irony?]

The clock and its buzzer; the refrigerator as well as the oven; you understand the hopelessness of someone like me; you give me the confidence to renew my active lifestyle—I no longer worry about falling.

The electric toothbrush, the MP3 player, the bus, the streetcar, the hinges on each door I pass through; my cell phone, you are gracious to me—you help me feel like a balanced entire person.

The personal computer, those two or three of them, with you my self-confidence has sky rocketed. Without your help I would feel so useless and no longer a part of anything important; you don’t know how many times I've looked in the mirror over the years and wished.

A copy machine, often a laser printer scattered about the day, you get it. With you I can live as near a normal life as possible and feel like I'm still part of a workable society. You realize how important “feeling whole” is. I thank you for that.

The bus again, you draw me back into the public realm and have made a real difference in my life; the confidence and independence you provide is amazing.

The television and the DVD player, the prophylactic to prevent the sharing of transmittable diseases and pregnancy, you make me feel perfectly at ease in any situation; you provide a service that not only restores function and productivity to my individual life, but also enhance my ability to “pitch in” for the community. I am now able to contribute in work and play at any level of independence—you create value for all.

The bedside table light, you make me a functional human being when I get back home and into bed and down to sleep again.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

The electric toothbrush, the MP3 player, the bus, the streetcar, the hinges on each door I pass through; my cell phone, you are gracious to me—you help me feel like a balanced entire person.

The bus again, you draw me back into the public realm and have made a real difference in my life; the confidence and independence you provide is amazing.

The television and the DVD player, the prophylactic to prevent the sharing of transmittable diseases and pregnancy, you make me feel perfectly at ease in any situation; you provide a service that not only restores function and productivity to my individual life, but also enhance my ability to make a contribution to the community. I am now able to contribute in work and play at any level of independence—you create value for all.

The bedside table light, you make me a functional human being when I get back home and into bed and down to sleep again.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

The electric toothbrush, the MP3 player, the bus, the streetcar, the hinges on each door I pass through; my cell phone, you are gracious to me—you help me feel like a balanced entire person.

The bus again, you draw me back into the public relm and have made a real difference in my life; the confidence and independence you provide is amazing.

The television and the DVD player, the prophylactic to prevent the sharing of transmittable diseases and pregnancy, you make me feel perfectly at ease in any situation; you provide a service that not only restores function and productivity to my individual life, but enhance my ability to make a contribution to the community. I am now able to contribute in work and play at any level of independence—you create value for all.

The bedside table light, you make me a functional human being when I get back home and into bed and down to sleep again.

—jammed up with dewy coats, the little hairs just above the collar, a stocking, someone talking about Area 51—without your help I would feel so useless and no longer a part of anything important.

Another, a different computer, with you I can live as near a normal life as possible and feel like I'm still part of a workable society.

you come to the rescue; you are my last and only hope; you allow me to walk, work, and maybe even run again; with you my self-worth and self-esteem has been renewed.

I am extremely pleased with what you have done for me—you offer the chance of employment where there was none before.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

The clock and its buzzer, you understand the hopelessness of someone like me; you give me the confidence to renew my active lifestyle—I no longer worry about falling.

The refrigerator who helps with my daily activities, as well as the oven, I now feel like a balanced whole person.

The electric toothbrush, I am extremely pleased with what you have done for me—you offer the chance of employment where there was none before.

The personal computer that belongs to me, in the morning, with you my self-confidence has sky rocketed.

The bus—jammed up with dewy coats, the little hairs just above the collar, a stocking, someone talking about Area 51—without your help I would feel so useless and no longer a part of anything important.

The MP3 player, the streetcar, the hinges on each door I pass through you are gracious to me—you help me to be “whole” again.

My cell phone you come to the rescue; you are my last and only hope; you allow me to walk, work, and maybe even run again; with you my self-worth and self-esteem has been renewed.

Another, a different computer, with you I can live as near a normal life as possible and feel like I'm still part of a workable society.

A copy machine, often a laser printer scattered about the day, you get it. You realize how important “feeling whole” is. I thank you for that.

The bus, again, or my truck, you have made a real difference in my life; the confidence and independence you provide is amazing

The television and the DVD player, you don’t know how many times I've looked in the mirror over the years and wished, and now thanks to you I look natural and move naturally, just like any other man.

The prophylactic to prevent the sharing of transmittable diseases and pregnancy you make me feel perfectly at ease in any situation; you provide a service that not only restores function and productivity to my individual life, but enhance my ability to make a contribution to the community. I am now able to contribute in work and play at any level of independence—you create value for all.

The bedside table light, you make me a functional human being when I get back home and into bed and down to sleep again.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

The clock and its buzer, there is no way anyone can understand the hopelessness of someone like me when they think their life is simply over; you give me the confidence to renew my active lifestyle; I no longer worry about falling.

The refrigerator that keeps my milk cold and the oven to heat my tea; I now get to feel like a balanced whole person, as well as help with my daily activities.

The electric toothbrush, I am extremely pleased with what you have done for me—you offer the chance of employment where there was none before.

The personal computer that belongs to me, in the morning, with you my self-confidence has sky rocketed.

The bus—jammed up dewy coats, the little hairs just above the colar, a stocking, the back of a neck, someone talking about Area 51—without your help I would feel so useless and no longer a part of anything important.

The MP3 player, the streetcar, the hinges on each door I pass through you are gracious to me—you help me to be “whole” again.

My cell phone you come to the rescue; you are my last and only hope; you allow me to walk, work, and maybe even run again; with you my self-worth and self-esteem has been renewed

Another, a different computer, more electronic notes, more files to print and send about, with you I can live as near a normal life as possible and feel like I'm still part of a workable society.

A copy machine, often a laser printer scattered about the day, you get it. You realize how important “feeling whole” is. I thank you for that.

The bus, again, or my truck, you have made a real difference in my life; the confidence and independence you provide is amazing

The prophylactic to prevent the sharing of transmittable diseases and pregnancy you make me feel perfectly at ease in any situation; you provide a service that not only restores function and productivity to my individual life, but enhance nt ability to make a contribution to the community. I am now able to contribute in work and play at any level of independence—you creates value for all.

The bedside table light, you make me a functional human being when I get back home and into bed and down to sleep again.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

The refrigerator that keeps my milk cold and the oven to heat my tea; I now get to feel like a balanced whole person, as well as help with my daily activities.

The electric toothbrush, I am extremely pleased with what you have done for me—you offer the chance of employment where there was none before.

The personal computer that belongs to me, in the morning, with you my self confidence has sky rocketed.

The MP3 player, the streetcar, the hinges on each door I pass through you are gracious to me—you help me to be “whole” again.

My cell phone you come to the rescue; you are my last and only hope; you allow me to walk, work, and maybe even run again; with you my self-worth and self-esteem has been renewed

Another, a different computer, more electronic notes, more files to print and send about, with you I can live as near a normal life as possible and feel like I'm still part of a workable society.

A copy machine, often a laser printer scattered about the day, you get it. You realize how important “feeling whole” is. I thank you for that.

The bus, again, or my truck, you have made a real difference in my life; the confidence and independence you provide is amazing

The prophylactic to prevent the sharing of transmittable diseases and pregnancy you make me feel perfectly at ease in any situation; you provide a service that not only restores function and productivity to my individual life, but enhance nt ability to make a contribution to the community. I am now able to contribute in work and play at any level of independence—you creates value for all.

The bedside table light, you make me a functional human being when I get back home and into bed and down to sleep again.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

for Paolo Buzzi

how can these activities be made strange?

The clock that shakes me up to get me in the shower to get me down to work again
Then the refrigerator that keeps my milk cold and the oven to heat my tea
And then the electric toothbrush to clear my breath and staves off cavities
Next the computer, in the morning: world news and notes from a variety of individuals—my brother, Jonathan, and “Single And Beautiful”
The bus, jammed up dewy coats, the little hairs just above the colar, a stocking, the back of a neck, someone talking about Area 51,
Then the MP3 player, the streetcar, the hinges on each door I pass through
My cell phone and its voices of personal and professional matters and where to eat for lunch
A different computer, more electronic notes, more files to print and send about
Often a copy machine, often a laser printer scattered about the day
The bus, again, or my truck, waiting to take me to an evening destination
The television and the DVD player
The prophylactic to prevent the sharing of transmittable diseases and pregnancy
The bedside table light to turn off when I get back home and into bed and go to sleep

I am extremely pleased with what you have done for me, and find wearing the prosthesis a great plus! The prostheses you are making surely help many of us to be “whole” again.

Crystal's self esteem and self confidence have sky rocketed.

"What is really wonderful, is not only what you do for people, but that you get it. You realize how important 'feeling whole' is. I thank you for that.

You folks were gracious to me. At a time when I needed financial help to purchase a new lease on life, you were there for me. And I thank you! As a result total convalescing, although long, has been a very positive experience, thanks again to you and the fine people at, The Barr Foundation."

With you will be sunbathing, swimming, playing sports, relaxing and taking full part in social events, being perfectly at ease in any situation.
You look natural and move naturally, just like any other man.

Look and feel like skin. Are soft to the touch. Have credible weight. Move naturally with the body. Don't need straps, buckles or belts. Help you feel completely natural at work or play.
"You don't know how many times I've looked in the mirror over the years and wished I had a pretty nose again and now thanks to the good Lord & you & all the people that have made my dream come true."

I can live as near a normal life as possible and feel like I'm still part of a workable society. Without the help of the limb I have I would feel so useless and no longer a part of anything important.... Without an organization to fund my prostheses, I feel as if I would have no life.....I feel that all the support that can be given to the Barr United Amputee Assistance Fund should be given and any support in any way that can be found greatly would enhance so many lives. There is no way anyone can understand the hopelessness of someone like me when they think their life is simply over because they don't have the funds to supply their own needs in this area.....There was not financial help for me because I was to old for Medicaid to cover the limb and I hadn't been disabled long enough to have Medicare...."

"The assistance you provided for his arm prosthesis made a real difference in his life and employment options. This individual had no other means to get a prosthesis and your assistance made it possible for us to provide his above elbow prosthesis...I am not aware of any other funding programs like yours and I hope that you will be able to continue this work in the future."

"I 'm writing this letter to thank the Barr United Amputee Assistance Fund for their financial help in getting me a new knee for my prosthesis. Having a new knee has given me the confidence to renew my active lifestyle, which includes golf and hiking. I no longer worry about falling....Without the generosity of the Barr Foundation, along with my prosthetist, Wayne Koniuk, who has donated his time free of charge, I couldn't have afforded the new knee and braking system."

It has improved their quality of life and offers the chance of employment where there was none before. The confidence and independence they have gained is amazing; and worth every penny and more.

"I can not thank the Barr Foundation enough for funding a prosthetic arm. I now get to feel like a balanced whole person, as well as help with my daily activities. I am eternally grateful for the Barr Fund organization. Thank-you for the assistance of allowing me to have a left arm again. Bless you all. I'll be able to give my boys real hugs now."

A properly fitted and fabricated prosthetic limb, is a service that not only restores function and productivity to the individual's life, but enhances that persons' ability to make a contribution to the community. A properly fitted limb creates value. Value to the individual and value to the community. A functional human being, able to contribute in work, play, and participation through any level of independence, creates value for all.

"The Barr Foundation literally "Comes to the rescue". You are these people's last and only hope. Through you foundation these people are able to walk, work, and maybe even run again. Not only has the lost limb been restored, but the patient's self-worth and self-esteem has been renewed."

I am extremely pleased with what you have done for me, and find wearing the prosthesis a great plus! The prostheses you are making surely help many of us to be “whole” again.

Crystal's self esteem and self confidence have sky rocketed.

"I believe it is the method, the care, and the artistic nature of Bob Barron that makes his patients happy with each outcome.

"What is really wonderful, is not only what you do for people, but that you get it. You realize how important 'feeling whole' is. I thank you for that.

"Before you made the ear for Joey when we would go out in public I would be very uneasy. I was always afraid that someone would notice that he did not have an ear and they would point or stare. I didn't want Joey to be subjected to how cruel our world can be at such a young age. Now he has two ears and wears his sunglasses when he has his T-ball games

"My words cannot express how thankful we all are for the ear you have made for our daughter. She is just glowing with confidence in herself and the kids at her school have been really excited and positive about her 'new ear.' Now her natural beauty really shines through with a little man-made help from you

"Just wanted to send you a special 'thank you' for all that you've done for us. You were wonderful with Nick and he thinks that you are absolutely the best

"Nick loves his new ear! We feel truly blessed that we were able to meet you and have you perform your magic and incredible talent for/on Nick

"Thank you again for being such an amazing person that can help change people's lives."
"God Bless you Bob -- The only word that I can say to what you have done for me is AWESOME."

"The fact of the matter is, there are no doctors that can deliver a product as good as Bob Barron's prosthetics

"You don't know how many times I've looked in the mirror over the years and wished I had a pretty nose again and now thanks to the good Lord & you & all the people that have made my dream come true."

If it wasn't for you and Mike Young (my prosthetist), I would be hopping around on one leg.
I can live as near a normal life as possible and feel like I'm still part of a workable society. Without the help of the limb I have I would feel so useless and no longer a part of anything important.... Without an organization to fund my prostheses, I feel as if I would have no life.....I feel that all the support that can be given to the Barr United Amputee Assistance Fund should be given and any support in any way that can be found greatly would enhance so many lives. There is no way anyone can understand the hopelessness of someone like me when they think their life is simply over because they don't have the funds to supply their own needs in this area.....There was not financial help for me because I was to old for Medicaid to cover the limb and I hadn't been disabled long enough to have Medicare...."

"Just wanted to thank you for your part in giving my brother another chance at life...You just cant imagine what hope this has given to him. Words seem so insufficient at a time like this but please realize its straight from our hearts. A very heartfelt thank you again."

"I am writing to you today to express my gratitude in your continued efforts to help those who have no other options in obtaining prosthetic devices. It is unfortunate, that in today's day and age, there are no government sponsored mechanisms in place that will provide prosthetics for all citizens in need. The lack of government commitment to provide prosthetic devices for all amputees leaves countless people without any pathway to resume their normal life....The impact that your fund has on these patients cannot be counted in dollars. We see the difference everyday on our patients outlook on life when they have the orthopedic devices necessary to carry on normal daily activities."

It has improved their quality of life and offers the chance of employment where there was none before. The confidence and independence they have gained is amazing; and worth every penny and more.

"It is a social crime that amputees are forced to make do without modern prosthetic technology and modern surgical care."

Look and feel like skin. Are soft to the touch. Have credible weight. Move naturally with the body. Don't need straps, buckles or belts. Help you feel completely natural at work or play.

Who Will Have Care of Me?

for Paolo Buzzi

how can these activities be made strange?

The orbital prosthesis device maintains normal humidity and moisture for the maxillary sinus, oral and nasal cavities. It also houses the ocular piece (artificial eye) and restores the normal appearance of the face. It also serves as a great psychological benefit in the rehabilitation of the patient.

"I am extremely pleased with what you have done for me, and find wearing the prosthesis a great plus! The prostheses you are making surely help many of us to be 'whole' again."

"What a life changing experience she [Crystal] has had thanks to you. Crystal's self esteem and self confidence have sky rocketed. She is glowing & smiling from 'Ear to Ear'."

"I believe it is the method, the care, and the artistic nature of Bob Barron that makes his patients happy with each outcome. We are so grateful for the opportunity and results that prosthetic replacement gave us as opposed to the risks of plastic surgery."

"What is really wonderful, is not only what you do for people, but that you get it. You realize how important 'feeling whole' is. I thank you for that

"Bob Barron's God-given artistic ability, relentless pursuit of perfection, and years of experience enable him to achieve in his custom prosthetics a degree of aesthetic normalcy and realism unattainable by surgical means for multiple reasons

"The artistic skill you have is beyond compare, and your sincere dedication to your work and your patients is evident in the quality of your work

"We can't begin to thank you enough. Kirsten is so much happier with her new ear. We can't believe the difference it makes in her

"Just wanted to send you a special 'thank you' for all that you've done for us. You were wonderful with Nick and he thinks that you are absolutely the best

"Nick loves his new ear! We feel truly blessed that we were able to meet you and have you perform your magic and incredible talent for/on Nick

"Your work turned out so Beautifully. What a difference this new ear has made in Landon's life."
--

"I am writing to express my absolute satisfaction with the results of the prosthetic ear procedure you did. Thank you for the excellent job

"Thank you again for being such an amazing person that can help change people's lives."
"God Bless you Bob -- The only word that I can say to what you have done for me is AWESOME."

"The fact of the matter is, there are no doctors that can deliver a product as good as Bob Barron's prosthetics

"I haven't even had a chance to catch my breath since I got home but wanted you to know how great the response has been to my new eye. Everyone cannot believe it! It's hilarious to hear some of the comments like, 'Which one is it?' and 'You can't even tell that it's not real!' A lot of people actually think they have seen it move

"You don't know how many times I've looked in the mirror over the years and wished I had a pretty nose again and now thanks to the good Lord & you & all the people that have made my dream come true."

"Thanks for giving me more confidence in myself now with my new nose you created for me.

"I am a grateful amputee that was lucky enough to receive a prosthesis from the Barr Foundation. If it wasn't for you and Mike Young (my prosthetist), I would be hopping around on one leg."
Melvin Yandell Kingsville, TX

"I would just like to say that being able to find someone to help me with obtaining and maintaining my prostheses has made a significant difference in my life. I can live as near a normal life as possible and feel like I'm still part of a workable society. Without the help of the limb I have I would feel so useless and no longer a part of anything important.... Without an organization to fund my prostheses, I feel as if I would have no life.....I feel that all the support that can be given to the Barr United Amputee Assistance Fund should be given and any support in any way that can be found greatly would enhance so many lives. There is no way anyone can understand the hopelessness of someone like me when they think their life is simply over because they don't have the funds to supply their own needs in this area.....There was not financial help for me because I was to old for Medicaid to cover the limb and I hadn't been disabled long enough to have Medicare...."
William Westmoreland Bradley, FL

"I am writing this letter to express my gratitude to you and your organization, in the joint project with J.E. Hanger, Inc. Prosthetic and Orthotic Specialists, who have showed excellence in providing the most advanced prosthetic services, in a professional manner and a pleasant atmosphere. Mr. Barr, I want to thank you for the enthusiasm, dedication, and real concern you have expressed toward helping Richard get his prosthetic leg. May the Lord abundantly bless you and your organization for the good that you are doing, in bringing healing to and assisting others in their journeys toward wholeness."
Rev. Bernard Gebara-Chaplain
Orlando Regional Medical Center
Orlando, FL

"I practice prosthetics in South Texas. Trust me, there is no money available to provide prostheses to amputees who have no means to pay for them. I have been reimbursed twice for prosthetic devices which at least paid for parts and some of my labor....Without the Barr Foundation (B.U.A.A.F.) my CPA gives me 'fits' for taking these obvious financial losses. Thank God for the Barr Foundation!"
Mike Young, C.P.O.
Bay Area Prosthetics
Corpus Christi, TX

"As a social worker, I needed a comfortable leg to get around to visit the families I work with in the Chicago community. After numerous battles with my insurance company, I soon learned about the Barr Foundation. I was fortunate to work with the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago....Thanks to the Barr United Amputee Assistance Fund, I am now able to move around more easily in my job."
Sandy Dukat
Chicago, IL

"....I never will stop praising my Lord for this wonderful prosthetic leg He so marvelously used you to give me... I instantly pray that His countless Blessings be constantly poured upon you and your Foundation so that always you be able to help bring solace and even joy to the heart of amputees as you did for me. Although I know that I will never sufficiently express my gratitude in this matter, I sincerely beg you to accept herewith my humble words of thanks and to truly believe that I will forever remember this. God bless you! God bless America!"
Richard Vladimir Jeanty
Port-au-Prince, Haiti

"I appreciate all your help and support. Your foundation has been a great asset in helping me. I hope your foundation continues on helping others just as your were able to help me."
Walter Taliaferro
El Paso, TX

"I am writing to express my support for the Barr United Amputee Assistance Fund. It has been very instrumental in providing an avenue for several of my patients who could not find support or finances to receive a prosthesis. I, along with the patients, sought several other sources for assistance in providing funds for these unfortunate individuals who themselves did not have the insurance or means to get a prosthesis. Your foundation was the only source available to help. I would also like to remark on the procedure for applying for the fund. It was quite simple, and once the application was approved, the coverage was sent in an expedient manner. I was also very pleased at the amount the B.U.A.A.F. was willing to submit. The facility who made the prosthesis at least had their costs covered. All in all I think this is a terrific organization. I would highly recommend applying through the B.U.A.A.F. for those individuals deserving a chance."
Robert D. Dixon
Board Eligible
Prosthetist/Orthotist
Bradenton Prosthetics and Orthotics
Bradenton, FL

"Rarely does a single month go by when we are not asked to see an individual for prosthetic restoration who has no insurance coverage of any kind. Neither Medicare, Medicaid, Vocational Rehabilitation, or any other funding source is available to assist these individuals. I along with many other prosthetic practitioners consider it a moral responsibility to provide assistance to indigent patients, but as reimbursements continue to shrink, the ability to "absorb" this care becomes increasingly difficult if not impossible. I hope that your work with the Barr Foundation will continue. If there is anything that I can do to support this extremely worthwhile and humanitarian effort, please do not hesitate to contact me."
Alan S. Ross, CPO
Suncoast Orthotics and Prosthetics, Inc.
Sarasota, FL

"I want to thank you for making it possible to provide for the amputees in Northern Nevada. Many of the folks I see here in rural Nevada 'slip through the cracks' when prosthetic care is needed. Due to your support, I have fit two individuals with below knee prostheses. It has improved their quality of life and offers the chance of employment where there was none before. The confidence and independence they have gained is amazing; and worth every penny and more. Thank you so much for allowing me to be a part of your service."
David A. Blackman, C.P.O.
Elko, NV

"Your foundation is greatly needed and very much appreciated. Our office has not found any other financial assistance for the uninsured and financially challenged amputee."
Donald L. Smith, C.P.
J.E. Hanger, Inc.
Tampa, FL

"I would like to thank you very much at this time for providing the public with the Barr United Amputee Assistance Fund. Being a prosthetist working in the field of prosthetics for approximately twenty-four years, I have had the opportunity to come to know many amputees. One of the worst feelings as a professional is to see a patient with excellent potential to do well on a prosthesis, but yet finding out the patient has no funding to pay for an appropriate prosthesis which of course can be quite costly....Thanks to the assistance of your fund, I have been able to help so far this year, two patients.....The Barr United Amputee Assistance fund is one of the most important non-profit organizations in the state or country....Please do not hesitate to call me if I can ever be of assistance to your organization, as I find it an immense pleasure to participate with you in the care of these patients."
Kevin S. Garrison, C.P.
Garrison's Prosthetic Services
North Miami Beach, FL

"If it were not for the Foundation and IAP, I would not be walking again. I would still be sitting in a wheel chair."
Ruth Schotts
Fremont, MI

"It is a social crime that amputees are forced to make do without modern prosthetic technology and modern surgical care."
John W Ertl MD
FACS
Hinsdale, IL

"There are no measurable ways to describe the need and benefit to the life of the individual who is successfully fitted with an artificial limb that otherwise would be unattainable.
A properly fitted and fabricated prosthetic limb, is a service that not only restores function and productivity to the individual's life, but enhances that persons' ability to make a contribution to the community. A properly fitted limb creates value. Value to the individual and value to the community. A functional human being, able to contribute in work, play, and participation through any level of independence, creates value for all.
The Barr Foundation, the United Amputee Services Association, when initiating, and enabling the provision of an artificial limb to a recipient, makes a priceless contribution of value to the community. This contribution is one that will keep on giving. The adage of teaching a man how to fish, instead of giving him a fish to eat, is well served in describing what the Barr Foundation accomplishes in these efforts.
John Zeffer CP
Zeffer Research & Assoc/
Progressive Orthopedics of San Diego
San Diego, CA

"Keep up your great work. We need more like you."
Rhonda McGee
Holiday, FL

"May God bless you and your organization for this gift which has helped my self-esteem."
William Brown Jr
Ft. Lauderdale, FL

"Without Scheck & Siress and the Barr Foundation, Jay would not have been able to receive a quality prosthetic Limb. I thank you from the bottom of my heart."
Maxine A. Somers
Hoffman Estates, IL

"I need to commend you on the tremendously necessary work you are doing with The Barr Foundation. You folks were gracious to me. At a time when I needed financial help to purchase a new lease on life, you were there for me. And I thank you! As a result total convalescing, although long, has been a very positive experience, thanks again to you and the fine people at, The Barr Foundation."
Joseph S. Ortiz
Bencia, CA

"Without the Barr Foundation, there is no hope for amputees like myself. Again, thanks."
Yvonne Little
High Springs, FL

"I hope that through the years that come, you will continue serving other people that need help like I did."
Noel Baez
Hebberville, TX

"We would like to express our sincere appreciation for all that you are doing, so that every person may have an equal opportunity to enjoy life."

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Penile Prosthesis - Are an exact anatomical replica of a normal penis and testicles.

Penile Prosthesis - Don't need straps, buckles or belts.

Penile Prosthesis - Help you feel completely natural at work or play.

Many are now benefiting from these genuine Penile Prosthetics. Men who have found a new confidence and re-built their self esteem.

Read the Testimonials from former sufferers, who now stride forward, feeling safe and confident after benefiting with a Penile Prosthesis made from this revolutionary new material.

The Penile Prostheses are custom made to individual requirements by a Professional Prosthetist with 20 years experience in hospitals caring for burns victims, accident victims and transgender persons.